Abstract In many practical situations, ice is very close to its melting point and can be represented mechanically as a viscoelastic material. Based on small-scale experiments conducted on S2 ice over a number of years, Sinha (1978a, 1978b, 1979) developed a representation of uniaxial ice behaviour that incorporates elastic deformation, recoverable primary creep (delayed elastic) deformation and permanent secondary creep deformation. In subsequent work, Zhan (1993) and Zhan et al. (1994, 1996) extended the representation to multiaxial situations. In this paper, a continuum finite element solution is developed based on Sinha's approach for two-dimensional plane stress situations that are appropriate for solving practical problems involving S2 freshwater and sea ice deformation in the plane of the ice cover. The ice behaviour is considered to be isotropic with respect to elastic and creep deformations, and creep deformations in the vertical direction are assumed to be negligible. A particular feature of the present model is the consideration of pre-existing macrocracks or gaps at the shoreline in landfast ice. The present model does not account for the evolution of cracks. Following a calibration of primary creep parameters to Sinha's model and a small-scale experiment on sea ice, examples are presented to illustrate landfast sea ice deformation as a result of wind forces, shoreline displacements due to the tidal jacking mechanism, and restraint at the shore.

中文翻译：

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浮冰盖变形的有限元模型

摘要 在许多实际情况下，冰非常接近其熔点，可以机械地表示为粘弹性材料。基于多年来在 S2 冰上进行的小规模实验，Sinha (1978a, 1978b, 1979) 开发了一种单轴冰行为的表示，其中包括弹性变形、可恢复的初级蠕变（延迟弹性）变形和永久的次级蠕变变形。在随后的工作中，詹 (1993) 和詹等人。(1994, 1996) 将表示扩展到多轴情况。在本文中，基于 Sinha 的二维平面应力情况的方法开发了连续有限元解决方案，适用于解决涉及 S2 淡水和冰盖平面内海冰变形的实际问题。就弹性和蠕变变形而言，冰的行为被认为是各向同性的，并且假设垂直方向的蠕变变形可以忽略不计。本模型的一个特殊特征是考虑了固陆冰中海岸线上预先存在的宏观裂缝或缝隙。目前的模型没有考虑裂缝的演变。在对 Sinha 模型的主要蠕变参数进行校准和对海冰进行小规模实验之后，通过实例来说明由于风力、潮汐顶升机制引起的海岸线位移和海岸约束引起的陆上海冰变形. 本模型的一个特殊特征是考虑了固陆冰中海岸线上预先存在的宏观裂缝或缝隙。目前的模型没有考虑裂缝的演变。在对 Sinha 模型的主要蠕变参数进行校准和对海冰进行小规模实验之后，通过实例来说明由于风力、潮汐顶升机制引起的海岸线位移和海岸约束引起的陆上海冰变形. 本模型的一个特殊特征是考虑了固陆冰中海岸线上预先存在的宏观裂缝或缝隙。目前的模型没有考虑裂缝的演变。在对 Sinha 模型的主要蠕变参数进行校准和对海冰进行小规模实验之后，通过实例来说明由于风力、潮汐顶升机制引起的海岸线位移和海岸约束引起的陆上海冰变形.