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Surface Motion Prediction and Mapping for Road Infrastructures Management by PS-InSAR Measurements and Machine Learning Algorithms
Remote Sensing ( IF 5 ) Pub Date : 2020-12-04 , DOI: 10.3390/rs12233976
Nicholas Fiorentini , Mehdi Maboudi , Pietro Leandri , Massimo Losa , Markus Gerke

This paper introduces a methodology for predicting and mapping surface motion beneath road pavement structures caused by environmental factors. Persistent Scatterer Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (PS-InSAR) measurements, geospatial analyses, and Machine Learning Algorithms (MLAs) are employed for achieving the purpose. Two single learners, i.e., Regression Tree (RT) and Support Vector Machine (SVM), and two ensemble learners, i.e., Boosted Regression Trees (BRT) and Random Forest (RF) are utilized for estimating the surface motion ratio in terms of mm/year over the Province of Pistoia (Tuscany Region, central Italy, 964 km2), in which strong subsidence phenomena have occurred. The interferometric process of 210 Sentinel-1 images from 2014 to 2019 allows exploiting the average displacements of 52,257 Persistent Scatterers as output targets to predict. A set of 29 environmental-related factors are preprocessed by SAGA-GIS, version 2.3.2, and ESRI ArcGIS, version 10.5, and employed as input features. Once the dataset has been prepared, three wrapper feature selection approaches (backward, forward, and bi-directional) are used for recognizing the set of most relevant features to be used in the modeling. A random splitting of the dataset in 70% and 30% is implemented to identify the training and test set. Through a Bayesian Optimization Algorithm (BOA) and a 10-Fold Cross-Validation (CV), the algorithms are trained and validated. Therefore, the Predictive Performance of MLAs is evaluated and compared by plotting the Taylor Diagram. Outcomes show that SVM and BRT are the most suitable algorithms; in the test phase, BRT has the highest Correlation Coefficient (0.96) and the lowest Root Mean Square Error (0.44 mm/year), while the SVM has the lowest difference between the standard deviation of its predictions (2.05 mm/year) and that of the reference samples (2.09 mm/year). Finally, algorithms are used for mapping surface motion over the study area. We propose three case studies on critical stretches of two-lane rural roads for evaluating the reliability of the procedure. Road authorities could consider the proposed methodology for their monitoring, management, and planning activities.

中文翻译:

通过PS-InSAR测量和机器学习算法进行道路基础设施管理的表面运动预测和制图

本文介绍了一种预测和绘制由环境因素引起的路面结构下方的表面运动的方法。持久散射体干涉合成孔径雷达(PS-InSAR)测量,地理空间分析和机器学习算法(MLA)用于实现该目的。利用两个单一的学习器,即回归树(RT)和支持向量机(SVM),以及两个集成的学习器,即Boosted回归树(BRT)和随机森林(RF),以毫米为单位估算表面运动比。 /年在皮斯托亚省(意大利中部托斯卡纳地区,964 km 2),其中发生了强烈的沉降现象。从2014年到2019年的210张Sentinel-1图像的干涉测量过程允许利用52,257个持久散射体的平均位移作为输出目标进行预测。SAGA-GIS 2.3.2版和ESRI ArcGIS 10.5版对29个与环境相关的因素进行了预处理,并将其用作输入要素。准备好数据集后,将使用三种包装器特征选择方法(向后,向前和双向)来识别要在建模中使用的最相关特征的集合。将数据集随机分为70%和30%以识别训练和测试集。通过贝叶斯优化算法(BOA)和十折交叉验证(CV),对算法进行了训练和验证。因此,通过绘制泰勒图来评估和比较MLA的预测性能。结果表明,SVM和BRT是最合适的算法。在测试阶段,BRT具有最高的相关系数(0.96)和最低的均方根误差(0.44 mm /年),而SVM的预测标准偏差(2.05 mm /年)与预测值的标准差之间的差异最小。参考样品(2.09毫米/年)。最后,使用算法在研究区域上绘制表面运动图。我们建议对两车道乡村道路的关键路段进行三个案例研究,以评估该程序的可靠性。道路当局可以考虑将拟议的方法进行监测,管理和规划活动。结果表明,SVM和BRT是最合适的算法。在测试阶段,BRT具有最高的相关系数(0.96)和最低的均方根误差(0.44 mm /年),而SVM的预测标准偏差(2.05 mm /年)与预测值的标准差之间的差异最小。参考样品(2.09毫米/年)。最后,使用算法在研究区域上绘制表面运动图。我们建议对两车道乡村道路的关键路段进行三个案例研究,以评估该程序的可靠性。道路当局可以考虑将拟议的方法进行监测,管理和规划活动。结果表明,SVM和BRT是最合适的算法。在测试阶段,BRT具有最高的相关系数(0.96)和最低的均方根误差(0.44 mm /年),而SVM的预测标准偏差(2.05 mm /年)与预测值的标准差之间的差异最小。参考样品(2.09毫米/年)。最后,使用算法在研究区域上绘制表面运动图。我们建议对两车道乡村道路的关键路段进行三个案例研究,以评估该程序的可靠性。道路当局可以考虑将拟议的方法进行监测,管理和规划活动。而SVM的预测标准偏差(2.05毫米/年)与参考样品的标准偏差(2.09毫米/年)之间的差异最小。最后,使用算法在研究区域上绘制表面运动图。我们建议对两车道乡村道路的关键路段进行三个案例研究,以评估该程序的可靠性。道路当局可以考虑将拟议的方法进行监测,管理和规划活动。而SVM的预测标准偏差(2.05毫米/年)和参考样品的标准偏差(2.09毫米/年)之间的差异最小。最后,使用算法在研究区域上绘制表面运动图。我们建议对两车道乡村道路的关键路段进行三个案例研究,以评估该程序的可靠性。道路当局可以考虑将拟议的方法进行监测,管理和规划活动。
更新日期:2020-12-04
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