A considerable concern in exploring clean, efficient, and renewable energy resources to effectively replace fossil fuels and to combat the environmental problems and energy scarcities for a sustainable future has been observed. In this context, hydrogen is a clean, renewable, energetically efficient fuel with infinite potential for the future, which can generate a large amount of energy through the electrocatalytic splitting of earth‐abundant water resources. Noble metals, owing to their extraordinary efficiency and stability, are state‐of‐the‐art catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) process. However, their scarcity and high cost hamper their commercialization. To replace these expensive noble‐metal‐based materials, researchers are extensively working on the development of cost effective, stable, conductive, and efficient non‐noble metal based materials such as transition metal oxides, borides, nitrides, sulfides, phosphides, selenides, perovskites oxides, and layered double hydroxides, where the incorporation of heteroatoms improves the electrocatalytic activity by modifying the electronic structure and enhances the conductivity and stability. In the case of transition‐metal based metal organic frameworks (MOFs) and MOF‐derived materials, the unique structure of MOFs with a high surface area and porosity, as well as rich redox chemistry of transition metals, leads to excellent response towards the OER process. Moreover, direct utilization of carbonaceous materials or making their composites with transition metals not only enhances the conductivity due to their conductive nature but also promotes stability by strongly binding with the electrocatalyst. Owing to the presence of functional groups on the surface or through different interactions, they provide multiple paths for facile electron and ion transport due to the sheet/network like structure, which help in the fine dispersion of electrocatalyst due to high surface area, prevent agglomeration, and in turn results in improved electrocatalytic activity. Besides these advances, a) there is still a need for a thorough understanding of reaction mechanism via in situ spectroscopic techniques to further optimize the composition and design of electrocatalyst to get desired results, b) the stability of the materials should be further enhanced to practically utilize synthesized material under harsh conditions without degradation, and c) the utilization of these optimized OER catalysts in a solar cell to consume solar energy (renewable energy source), remains a key requirement of the modern era.

中文翻译：

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贵金属，过渡金属和碳基材料在氧析出反应电催化方面的最新进展

在开发清洁，高效和可再生能源资源，以有效替代化石燃料，并与环境问题和能源短缺作斗争以实现可持续的未来方面，已经引起了人们的极大关注。在这种情况下，氢是一种清洁，可再生，能源效率高的燃料，在未来具有无限的潜力，它可以通过电催化分解富含地球的水资源来产生大量能量。贵金属由于其非凡的效率和稳定性而成为氧气释放反应（OER）过程的最先进催化剂。然而，它们的稀缺性和高成本阻碍了它们的商业化。为了替代这些昂贵的贵金属基材料，研究人员正在广泛研究开发具有成本效益的，稳定的，导电的，以及高效的非贵金属基材料，例如过渡金属氧化物，硼化物，氮化物，硫化物，磷化物，硒化物，钙钛矿氧化物和层状双氢氧化物，其中杂原子的引入可通过改变电子结构来改善电催化活性，并提高电导率和稳定性。对于基于过渡金属的金属有机骨架（MOF）和源自MOF的材料，具有高表面积和孔隙率的MOF独特的结构以及过渡金属的丰富氧化还原化学性质导致对OER的出色响应处理。此外，直接利用含碳材料或将其与过渡金属制成复合材料，不仅由于其导电性质而提高了导电性，而且还通过与电催化剂的牢固结合而提高了稳定性。由于表面上存在官能团或通过不同的相互作用，它们具有片状/网状结构，为电子和离子的传输提供了多种途径，由于表面积大，有助于电催化剂的精细分散，防止团聚，进而提高了电催化活性。除这些进展外，a）仍然需要通过原位光谱技术对反应机理有透彻的了解，以进一步优化电催化剂的组成和设计以获得理想的结果，b）材料的稳定性应进一步提高到实用水平在恶劣条件下利用合成材料而不会降解，并且c）在太阳能电池中利用这些优化的OER催化剂来消耗太阳能（可再生能源），