Gel disintegration via compression is a possible approach for the reversal of the occlusion of male vasa deferentia (VD) by hydrogels. κ ‐carrageenan (KC) hydrogels can be used for such an application. To determine the required forces for in‐vessel compressive disintegration, a gel‐tube model, preparing KC gels in different tubes, is studied. These gels are of alternating biopolymer (1–3% by mass) and potassium (100–300 mM) concentration. Gel‐filled tubes are uniaxially compressed at two different compression speeds (1 and 0.3 mm s⁻¹). Breakage compression strains are cross studied by shear breaking gel measurements using dynamic mechanical analysis. The measurements showed good agreement. Gel structure disintegration occurred below (62 ± 8) % strain. During compression, three stages of gel disintegration are present. Gel‐tube wall detachment, gel rupture, and gel expulsion. The force required for gel disintegration and tube deformation can be added arithmetically. From the modulus of a human aortae model, it is estimated that average human pinch forces are insufficient to disintegrate 2% and 3% by mass KC hydrogels in VD by massage. The compressive disintegration would require a compression device while evading tissue damage.

中文翻译：

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κ-卡拉胶水凝胶压缩血管内崩解行为的研究

通过压缩凝胶分解是逆转男性输精管 (VD) 由水凝胶阻塞的一种可能方法。κ-角叉菜胶 (KC) 水凝胶可用于此类应用。为了确定容器内压缩崩解所需的力，研究了在不同管中制备 KC 凝胶的凝胶管模型。这些凝胶具有交替的生物聚合物 (1–3% 质量) 和钾 (100–300 mM) 浓度。凝胶填充管以两种不同的压缩速度（1 和 0.3 mm s ^-1）。使用动态力学分析通过剪切断裂凝胶测量交叉研究断裂压缩应变。测量结果显示出良好的一致性。凝胶结构崩解发生在 (62 ± 8) % 应变以下。在压缩过程中，存在三个凝胶分解阶段。凝胶管壁脱离、凝胶破裂和凝胶排出。凝胶崩解和管变形所需的力可以算术相加。根据人体主动脉模型的模量，估计平均人体挤压力不足以通过按摩分解 VD 中 2% 和 3% 质量的 KC 水凝胶。压缩崩解将需要压缩装置同时避免组织损伤。