Abstract Household consumption is not sufficiently studied in climate change research, despite the fact that it is a variable related to GHG emissions. The objective of this paper is to assess the amount, structure, and intensity of total GHG emissions (direct and indirect) related to Mexican household consumption by income level by means of an Input-Output analysis. Our study produced the following three main findings: 1) Large carbon inequality among household income groups, with the bottom household decile emitting 2.7% of the total CO2e emissions, and the top decile emitting 26.8%. 2) Three needs are the main drivers of carbon emissions of Mexican households: transportation (39.9%), dwelling energy consumption (26.9%), and food (15.2%). The share of transportation (public and private) is higher when the households are in higher deciles (24% in the bottom decile vs 40% in the top decile). Private transportation in the top decile is of particular concern. The CO2e emissions from private transport from the richest decile represent more than 10% of the total CO2e emissions. 3) The total carbon intensity of the household expenditure is depicted in an obtuse inverted U curve as a function of income distribution. The top and the bottom deciles present the lowest carbon intensities because of the composition of their basket of consumer goods and services. In the top decile, there is a significant share of expenditure on financial and educational services (with low carbon intensity), while in the bottom decile there is a high proportion of low-carbon basic products such as food. From all these results, we concluded that, in order to be effective and sustainable from a social and economic point of view, the formulation of policy to mitigate GHG must take into account both household income inequality and the diverse quantity and structure of consumption as a function of income level.

中文翻译：

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气候变化和收入不平等：对墨西哥家庭温室气体排放结构和强度的 IO 分析

摘要 尽管家庭消费是与温室气体排放相关的变量，但在气候变化研究中并未对其进行充分研究。本文的目的是通过投入产出分析评估与墨西哥家庭消费相关的温室气体总排放量（直接和间接）的数量、结构和强度。我们的研究得出了以下三个主要发现：1) 家庭收入群体之间存在巨大的碳不平等，最底层的十分之一家庭的二氧化碳排放量占总二氧化碳当量排放量的 2.7%，最高的十分之一家庭排放了 26.8%。2）三个需求是墨西哥家庭碳排放的主要驱动因素：交通（39.9%）、住宅能源消耗（26.9%）和食品（15.2%）。当家庭处于较高的十分位数时，交通（公共和私人）的份额更高（最低十分位数为 24%，最高十分位数为 40%）。前十分之一的私人交通尤其令人担忧。来自最富裕的十分之一的私人交通工具的 CO2e 排放量占 CO2e 排放总量的 10% 以上。3) 家庭支出的总碳强度被描绘成一条作为收入分配函数的倒 U 型曲线。由于其一揽子消费品和服务的构成，顶部和底部十分位数的碳强度最低。在前十分之一，金融和教育服务（低碳强度）的支出份额很大，而在底部十分之一，食品等低碳基础产品的支出比例很高。