Abstract Although triplet litters are increasing in captive colonies of common marmosets, parents can rarely rear more than two infants without human intervention. There is however much evidence that early life experience, including separation from the family, can influence both vulnerability and resilience to stress. The current study investigated the behavioural and hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis response to the routine stressor of capture and weighing in adult common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus), reared as infants under 3 different conditions: family-reared twins (n = 6 individuals), family-reared animals from triplet litters where only 2 remain (2stays: n = 8) and triplets receiving supplementary feeding from humans (n = 7). In the supplementary feeding condition, infants remained in contact with each other when they were removed from the family. There were no significant differences (P > 0.5) in cortisol level or behaviour between the rearing conditions. In all conditions, salivary cortisol decreased from baseline to post-capture, which was accompanied by increases in agitated locomotion. Family reared 2stays demonstrated significant cortisol decreases from baseline to post capture (post 5 min.: P = 0.005; post 30 min.: P = 0.018), compared to the other conditions. Family reared twins displayed significantly more behavioural changes following the stressor than the other conditions, including significant increases in scent marking (post 5 min. and post 30 min.: P = 0.028) and significant decreases in inactive alert (post 5 min.: P = 0005; post 30 min.: P = 0.018), calm locomotion (post 5 min.: P = 0.028; post 30 min.: P = 0.046) and proximity to partner (post 5 min.: P = 0.046). There were increases in behaviour suggesting reduced anxiety, including significantly more exploration post-capture in supplementary fed triplets (post 5 min.: P = 0.041), and significantly more foraging post capture in family reared 2stays (post 5 min. and post 30 min.: P = 0.039). However, as differences between rearing conditions were minimal, supplementary feeding of large litters of marmosets at this facility did not have a major effect on stress vulnerability, suggesting that this rearing practice may be the preferred option if human intervention is necessary to improve survival of large litters.

中文翻译：

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婴儿饲养背景对成年普通狨猴（Callithrix jacchus）行为和生理应激反应的长期影响

摘要 虽然普通狨猴圈养的三胞胎窝越来越多，但父母很少能在没有人为干预的情况下养育两个以上的婴儿。然而，有很多证据表明，早期的生活经历，包括与家庭的分离，会影响对压力的脆弱性和韧性。目前的研究调查了成年普通狨猴（Callithrix jacchus）对捕获和称重常规压力源的行为和下丘脑垂体肾上腺 (HPA) 轴反应，在 3 种不同条件下作为婴儿饲养：家庭饲养的双胞胎（n = 6 个人） ，来自三胞胎窝的家庭饲养的动物，其中只剩下 2 只（2 只留：n = 8）和接受人类补充喂养的三胞胎（n = 7）。在补充喂养的情况下，婴儿离开家庭后仍保持联系。饲养条件之间的皮质醇水平或行为没有显着差异（P > 0.5）。在所有条件下，唾液皮质醇从基线到捕获后都下降，同时伴随着激动的运动增加。与其他条件相比，家庭饲养的 2stays 显示从基线到捕获后的皮质醇显着降低（5 分钟后：P = 0.005；30 分钟后：P = 0.018）。家庭抚养的双胞胎在压力源后表现出明显更多的行为变化，包括气味标记显着增加（5 分钟后和 30 分钟后：P = 0.028）和不活动警觉性显着降低（5 分钟后：P = 0005；30 分钟后：P = 0.018），平稳运动（5 分钟后：P = 0.028；后 30 分钟：P = 0.046）和接近合作伙伴（后 5 分钟：P = 0.046）。行为增加表明焦虑减少，包括在补充喂养的三胞胎中捕获后明显更多的探索（后 5 分钟：P = 0.041），以及在家庭饲养的 2 只猫（后 5 分钟和后 30 分钟）捕获后明显更多的觅食.: P = 0.039)。然而，由于饲养条件之间的差异很小，因此在该设施中补充喂养大量狨猴并没有对压力脆弱性产生重大影响，这表明如果需要人工干预以提高大型狨猴的存活率，这种饲养做法可能是首选。垃圾。包括在补充喂养的三胞胎中捕获后明显更多的探索（5 分钟后：P = 0.041），以及在家庭饲养的 2 只动物中捕获后明显更多的觅食（5 分钟后和 30 分钟后：P = 0.039）。然而，由于饲养条件之间的差异很小，因此在该设施中补充喂养大量狨猴并没有对压力脆弱性产生重大影响，这表明如果需要人工干预以提高大型狨猴的存活率，这种饲养做法可能是首选。垃圾。包括在补充喂养的三胞胎中捕获后明显更多的探索（5 分钟后：P = 0.041），以及在家庭饲养的 2 只动物中捕获后明显更多的觅食（5 分钟后和 30 分钟后：P = 0.039）。然而，由于饲养条件之间的差异很小，因此在该设施中补充喂养大量狨猴并没有对压力脆弱性产生重大影响，这表明如果需要人工干预以提高大型狨猴的存活率，这种饲养做法可能是首选。垃圾。