Human parainfluenza virus (HPIV) infection is associated with every kind of respiratory tract illnesses, including the common cold, laryngotracheobronchitis (i.e. croup), tracheobronchitis, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia, in both children and adults. Although HPIVs are common respiratory pathogens, there are increasing reports about extrapulmonary manifestations of HPIVs infection. Each of the HPIVs could produce infection of other organs (central nervous system, heart, myocardium, etc.) in all age groups who are either immunocompetent or immunocompromised. This review aimed at summarizing the available data on clinical manifestations of HPIV infection outside the respiratory tract from 1961 to 2020. The findings support the possibility of extrapulmonary infections that were thought to be due to rare host genetic or immunologic defects in infected patients. These findings highlight the fact that extrapulmonary dissemination of HPIV can occur, but the association is not clearly demonstrated. Our data support the hypothesis that HPIV infection is one of the possible causes of these alterations and may even be the direct cause in some cases.

中文翻译：

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人类副流感病毒肺外表现的景观：系统叙述回顾

人类副流感病毒 (HPIV) 感染与各种呼吸道疾病有关，包括儿童和成人的普通感冒、喉气管支气管炎（即哮吼）、气管支气管炎、细支气管炎和肺炎。尽管 HPIVs 是常见的呼吸道病原体，但关于 HPIVs 感染的肺外表现的报道越来越多。每种 HPIV 均可感染所有具有免疫功能或免疫功能低下的年龄组的其他器官（中枢神经系统、心脏、心肌等）。本综述旨在总结 1961 年至 2020 年呼吸道外 HPIV 感染临床表现的可用数据。这些发现支持肺外感染的可能性，这被认为是由于感染患者的罕见宿主遗传或免疫缺陷所致。这些发现强调了一个事实，即可能发生 HPIV 的肺外传播，但这种关联并未得到明确证明。我们的数据支持以下假设：HPIV 感染是这些改变的可能原因之一，在某些情况下甚至可能是直接原因。