Autonomic nervous system function is critical for transition from in-utero to ex-utero life and is associated with neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric outcomes later in life. Adverse prenatal and neonatal conditions and exposures can impair or alter ANS development and, as a result, may also impact long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes. The objective of this article is to provide a broad overview of the impact of factors that are known to influence autonomic development during the fetal and early neonatal period, including maternal mood and stress during and after pregnancy, fetal growth restriction, congenital heart disease, toxic exposures, and preterm birth. We touch briefly on the typical development of the ANS, then delve into both in-utero and ex-utero maternal and fetal factors that may impact developmental trajectory of the ANS and, thus, have implications in transition and in long-term developmental outcomes. While many types of exposures and conditions have been shown to impact development of the autonomic nervous system, there is still much to be learned about the mechanisms underlying these influences. In the future, more advanced neuromonitoring tools will be required to better understand autonomic development and its influence on long-term neurodevelopmental and neuropsychological function, especially during the fetal period.

中文翻译：

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影响发育中的中枢自主神经系统的暴露

自主神经系统功能对于从子宫内到子宫外生命的过渡至关重要，并且与生命后期的神经发育和神经精神病学结果相关。不利的产前和新生儿条件和暴露会损害或改变 ANS 的发育，因此也可能影响长期的神经发育结果。本文的目的是对已知影响胎儿和新生儿早期自主神经发育的因素的影响提供一个广泛的概述，包括怀孕期间和之后的母亲情绪和压力、胎儿生长受限、先天性心脏病、毒性暴露和早产。我们简要介绍了 ANS 的典型发育，然后深入研究可能影响 ANS 发育轨迹的宫内和宫外母体和胎儿因素，以及，因此，对过渡和长期发展成果产生影响。虽然许多类型的暴露和条件已被证明会影响自主神经系统的发育，但关于这些影响背后的机制仍有很多需要了解。未来，将需要更先进的神经监测工具来更好地了解自主神经发育及其对长期神经发育和神经心理功能的影响，尤其是在胎儿期。