Morphological control is a fundamental challenge of nanomaterial development. Commonly, hierarchical nanostructures cannot be induced by a single driving force, but obtained through balancing multiple driving forces. Here, a feasible strategy is reported based on the synergistic effect of proton and acid anion, leading to the morphological variation of vanadium oxide from nanowire, bundle, to hierarchical nanoflower (HNF). Protons can only induce the formation of nanowire through reducing the pH value ≤ 2. However, acid anions with strong coordination ability, e.g., phosphate radicals, can also participate in morphological regulation at high concentration. Through coordinating with exposed vanadium ions, the enrichment of phosphate radicals at ledge and kink changes the growth directions, giving rise to the advanced structures of bundle and HNF. The lithium ion batteries using HNF as a cathode achieve a 30% improved initial discharge specific capacity of 436.23 mAh g⁻¹ at a current density of 0.1 A g⁻¹, reaching the theoretical maximum value of vanadium oxide based on insertion/desertion of three lithium ions, in addition to strong cyclic stability at 1 A g⁻¹.

中文翻译：

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洞察酸对钒氧化物形态控制的协同作用：寻求高锂存储

形态控制是纳米材料发展的根本挑战。通常，分层的纳米结构不能由单个驱动力诱导，而是可以通过平衡多个驱动力来获得。在这里，基于质子和酸阴离子的协同作用，报道了一种可行的策略，从而导致钒氧化物从纳米线，束到分级纳米花（HNF）的形态变化。质子只能通过降低pH值≤2来诱导纳米线的形成。但是，具有较强配位能力的酸阴离子（例如磷酸根）也可以参与高浓度的形态调节。通过与暴露的钒离子配位，在壁架和纽结处磷酸根的富集改变了生长方向，从而产生了束和HNF的高级结构。^-1在0.1 A g的电流密度^-1，在1A克到达氧化钒的基于三个锂离子的插入/遗弃到强循环稳定性的理论最大值，除了^-1。