Beekeeping provides honey, protein-containing drone broods and pollen, and yield-increasing pollination services. This study tested the hypothesis that beekeeping can result in net-positive impacts, if pollination services and protein-containing by-products are utilised. As a case example, Finnish beekeeping practices were used. The study was performed using two different approaches. In both approaches, the evaluated impacts were related to climate change, land use, and freshwater use, and were scaled down to represent one beehive. The first approach considered honey production with pollination services and the replacement of alternative products with co-products. The impacts were normalised to correspond with planetary boundary criteria. The second approach evaluated the impacts of the different products and services of beekeeping separately. In the first approach the honey production system moved towards a safe operational space. Freshwater use was the impact category with the largest shift towards a safe operational space (39% shift). The second approach caused a global warming potential of honey production of 0.65 kg_CO2-eq kg⁻¹, when pollen and drone broods were considered as by-products and the influence of pollination services were not included. When honey, pollen, and drone broods were considered as co-products and pollination services were included, the impacts regarding land use and climate change were net-positive. The impact of freshwater use was relatively small. For honey, the impacts on the climate change, land use, and freshwater use were −0.33 kg_CO2-eq kg⁻¹, −7.89 m² kg⁻¹, and 14.01 kg kg⁻¹, respectively. The impact allocation with co-products and pollination services was conclusive. A lack of consideration for the impact reduction of pollination led to beekeeping having a negative impact on the environment. Based on these results, beekeeping enhances food security within planetary boundaries, provided that pollination services and protein-containing by-/co-products are utilised.

养蜂业可提供蜂蜜，含蛋白质的雄蜂和花粉，以及提高产量的授粉服务。这项研究检验了以下假设：如果利用授粉服务和含蛋白质的副产品，养蜂会导致净阳性影响。作为一个例子，使用了芬兰的养蜂习惯。该研究使用两种不同的方法进行。在这两种方法中，评估的影响都与气候变化，土地利用和淡水利用有关，并按比例缩小以代表一个蜂巢。第一种方法考虑了通过授粉服务生产蜂蜜以及用副产品替代替代产品。将影响归一化以符合行星边界标准。第二种方法分别评估了养蜂业不同产品和服务的影响。第一种方法是将蜂蜜生产系统移至安全的操作空间。淡水的使用是影响类别，向安全运行空间的转移最大（转移了39％）。第二种方法在全球范围内使蜂蜜产量增加了0.65千克当以花粉和寄生蜂为副产品，但不包括授粉服务的影响时，_CO2-eq kg ^-1。如果将蜂蜜，花粉和无人机育种视为副产品并包括授粉服务，则对土地利用和气候变化的影响为净阳性。淡水使用的影响相对较小。对于蜂蜜，对气候变化，土地利用和淡水利用的影响为-0.33 kg _CO2-eq kg ^-1，-7.89 m ²  kg ^-1和14.01 kg kg ^-1， 分别。对副产品和授粉服务的影响分配是结论性的。缺乏考虑减少授粉的影响导致养蜂业对环境产生负面影响。根据这些结果，养蜂业可以提高授粉范围内的粮食安全，前提是要利用授粉服务和含蛋白质的副产物/副产物。