Novel word acquisition is generally believed to be a rapid process, essential for ensuring a flexible and efficient communication system; at least in spoken language, learners are able to construct memory traces for new linguistic stimuli after just a few exposures. However, such rapid word learning has not been systematically found in visual domain, with different confounding factors obscuring the orthographic learning of novel words. This study explored the changes in human brain activity occurring online, during a brief training with novel written word-forms using a silent reading task Single-trial, cluster-based random permutation analysis revealed that training caused an extremely fast (after just one repetition) and stable facilitation in novel word processing, reflected in the modulation of P200 and N400 components, possibly indicating rapid dynamics at early and late stages of the lexical processing. Furthermore, neural source estimation of these effects revealed the recruitment of brain areas involved in orthographic and lexico-semantic processing, respectively. These results suggest the formation of neural memory traces for novel written word-forms after a minimal exposure to them even in the absence of a semantic reference, resembling the rapid learning processes known to occur in spoken language.

中文翻译：

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快速获取新颖的书面文字形式：ERP 证据

新词的获取通常被认为是一个快速的过程，对于确保灵活高效的交流系统至关重要；至少在口语方面，学习者能够在仅仅接触几次之后为新的语言刺激构建记忆痕迹。然而，在视觉领域还没有系统地发现这种快速的单词学习，不同的混杂因素模糊了新单词的拼写学习。这项研究探索了在使用无声阅读任务的新颖书面词形式的简短训练期间在线发生的人类大脑活动的变化单次试验、基于集群的随机排列分析显示训练导致了极快的（仅重复一次后）稳定地促进新的文字处理，体现在 P200 和 N400 组件的调制上，可能表明词汇加工早期和晚期的快速动态。此外，对这些影响的神经源估计揭示了分别涉及正字法和词汇语义处理的大脑区域的募集。这些结果表明，即使在没有语义参考的情况下，在极少接触新的书面词形式后，它们的神经记忆痕迹也会形成，类似于口语中已知的快速学习过程。