Dermatophytoses (ringworms) are among the most frequent skin infections and are a highly prevalent cause of human disease worldwide. Despite the incidence of these superficial mycoses in healthy people and the compelling evidence on chronic and deep infections in immunocompromised individuals, the mechanisms controlling dermatophyte invasion in the skin are scarcely known. In the last years, the association between certain primary immunodeficiencies and the susceptibility to severe dermatophytosis as well as the evidence provided by novel experimental models mimicking human disease have significantly contributed to deciphering the basic immunological mechanisms against dermatophytes. In this review, we outline the current knowledge on fungal virulence factors involved in the pathogenesis of dermatophytoses and recent evidence from human infections and experimental models that shed light on the cells and molecules involved in the antifungal cutaneous immune response. The latest highlights emphasize the contribution of C-type lectin receptors signaling and the cellular immune response mediated by IL-17 and IFN-γ in the anti-dermatophytic defense and skin inflammation control.

皮肤癣菌病（癣）是最常见的皮肤感染之一，也是全世界人类疾病的一个非常普遍的原因。尽管这些浅表真菌病在健康人群中发病率很高，并且有令人信服的证据表明免疫功能低下的个体存在慢性和深层感染，但控制皮肤癣菌侵入皮肤的机制却鲜为人知。在过去的几年中，某些原发性免疫缺陷与严重皮肤癣菌病易感性之间的关联以及模仿人类疾病的新型实验模型提供的证据为破译针对皮肤癣菌的基本免疫机制做出了重大贡献。在这篇综述中，我们概述了有关皮肤癣菌病发病机制中真菌毒力因子的最新知识，以及来自人类感染和实验模型的最新证据，这些证据揭示了参与抗真菌皮肤免疫反应的细胞和分子。最新亮点强调了 C 型凝集素受体信号传导以及 IL-17 和 IFN-γ 介导的细胞免疫反应在抗皮肤癣菌防御和皮肤炎症控制中的贡献。