In clinical terms, bone grafting currently involves the application of autogenous, allogeneic, or xenogeneic bone grafts, as well as natural or artificially synthesized materials, such as polymers, bioceramics, and other composites. Many of these are associated with limitations. The ideal scaffold for bone tissue engineering should provide mechanical support while promoting osteogenesis, osteoconduction, and even osteoinduction. There are various structural complications and engineering difficulties to be considered. Here, we describe the biomimetic possibilities of the modification of natural or synthetic materials through physical and chemical design to facilitate bone tissue repair. This review summarizes recent progresses in the strategies for constructing biomimetic scaffolds, including ion‐functionalized scaffolds, decellularized extracellular matrix scaffolds, and micro‐ and nano‐scale biomimetic scaffold structures, as well as reactive scaffolds induced by physical factors, and other acellular scaffolds. The fabrication techniques for these scaffolds, along with current strategies in clinical bone repair, are described. The developments in each category are discussed in terms of the connection between the scaffold materials and tissue repair, as well as the interactions with endogenous cells. As the advances in bone tissue engineering move toward application in the clinical setting, the demonstration of the therapeutic efficacy of these novel scaffold designs is critical.

中文翻译：

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仿生支架用于骨再生的回顾：迈向无细胞策略

从临床角度来讲，骨移植目前涉及自体，异体或异种骨移植以及天然或人工合成的材料（例如聚合物，生物陶瓷和其他复合材料）的应用。其中许多与局限性有关。用于骨组织工程的理想支架应在促进成骨，骨传导甚至骨诱导的同时提供机械支持。存在各种结构上的复杂性和工程上的困难。在这里，我们描述了通过物理和化学设计来促进骨组织修复的天然或合成材料改性的仿生可能性。这篇综述总结了构建仿生支架（包括离子官能化支架）的策略的最新进展，脱细胞的细胞外基质支架，微米和纳米级仿生支架结构，以及由物理因素诱导的反应性支架和其他无细胞支架。描述了这些支架的制造技术，以及目前在临床骨修复中的策略。关于支架材料与组织修复之间的联系以及与内源性细胞的相互作用，讨论了每种类别的发展。随着骨组织工程学的进展朝临床应用的方向发展，这些新颖支架设计的治疗功效的证明至关重要。描述了这些支架的制造技术，以及目前在临床骨修复中的策略。关于支架材料与组织修复之间的联系以及与内源性细胞的相互作用，讨论了每种类别的发展。随着骨组织工程学的进展朝临床应用的方向发展，这些新颖支架设计的治疗功效的证明至关重要。描述了这些支架的制造技术，以及目前在临床骨修复中的策略。关于支架材料与组织修复之间的联系以及与内源性细胞的相互作用，讨论了每种类别的发展。随着骨组织工程学的进展朝临床应用的方向发展，这些新颖支架设计的治疗功效的证明至关重要。