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Edmond Halley's Contributions to Hydrogeology
Ground Water ( IF 2.6 ) Pub Date : 2020-11-20 , DOI: 10.1111/gwat.13059
David Deming 1
Affiliation  

The nature of the hydrologic cycle is one of the oldest and most important questions in geology (Deming 2005, 2014, 2018). The mystery was how the water balance between oceanic, terrestrial, and atmospheric waters was maintained. As Edmond Halley (Figure 1) himself noted, over the course of recorded human history “the sea has not sensibly decreased by the loss in vapor; nor yet abounded by the immense quantity of fresh water it receives continually from the rivers” (Halley 1691, 469). There had to be some return flow of sea water to the land, but how this occurred was debated for hundreds of years.

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Figure 1
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Edmond Halley, portrait by Richard Phillips, sometime before 1722. In the public domain.

The first person to unequivocally assert that all stream flow was sourced in precipitation and infiltration was the potter, Bernard Palissy (c. 1510–1590). In his book, Admirable Discourses, Palissy concluded that “all fountains proceed only from springs produced by rain” (Palissy 1957, 55). But Palissy's arguments were not widely accepted. Systematic and quantitative hydrologic studies were not conducted until the latter decades of the 17th century.

In De l'origine des fontaines (1674) Pierre Perrault (1611–1680) published the first quantitative estimates of precipitation in a drainage basin and showed it was sufficient to account for all stream flow (Perrault 1674). However, Perrault did not fully understand the process of infiltration. Perrault's experiment was repeated and refined by his colleague in the French Academy of Sciences, Edme Mariotte (c. 1620–1684). In Traité du mouvement des eaux et des autres corps fluides, Mariotte (1686) conceded that infiltration was not universal and uniform, but anticipated the modern theory of macropores by arguing “that in uncultivated land, and in woods, there are several little canals, which are very near the surface of the earth, into which the rainwater enters; and that those canals are continued to a great depth” (Mariotte 1718, 16–17).

It is certain that the work of Perrault and Mariotte was read and contemplated by members of the Royal Society in England (Dooge 1974). Both Perrault's De l'origine des fontaines (1674) and Mariotte's Traité du mouvement des eaux et des autres corps fluides (1686) were reviewed in the Royal Society's Philosophical Transactions almost immediately following their publication. Among the Fellows of the Royal Society interested in hydrological problems was Edmond Halley (1656–1743). “The magic of numbers has earned for Pierre Perrault, Edme Mariotte, and Edmond Halley the title of founding fathers of the science of hydrology” (Parizek 1963, 4).



中文翻译:

埃德蒙·哈雷(Edmond Halley)对水文地质学的贡献

水文循环的性质是在地质历史最悠久,最重要的问题之一(戴明 200520142018)。神秘之处在于如何保持海洋,陆地和大气水之间的水平衡。正如埃德蒙·哈雷(Edmond Halley)(图1)本人指出的那样,在人类历史记录的过程中,“海洋并没有因水蒸气的损失而明显减少;仍不乏从河流不断得到的大量淡水”(Halley  1691,469)。一定有海水回流到陆地上,但是这种情况如何发生已经有数百年的历史了。

GWAT-13059-FIG-0001-c
图1
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爱德蒙·哈雷(Edmond Halley),理查德·菲利普斯(Richard Phillips)的肖像,1722年之前的某个时候。在公共领域。

第一个明确断定所有水流都来自降水和渗透的人是陶匠Bernard Palissy(约1510年至1590年)。在他的书中,令人敬佩的话语,帕利西得出的结论是“一切从喷泉雨水产生的温泉只有继续”(帕利西 1957年,55)。但是Palissy的论点并未被广泛接受。直到17世纪后期,才进行系统和定量的水文研究。

DE L'原产德方丹(1674)皮埃尔·佩罗(1611至1680年)出版的沉淀的第一个定量估计在流域和显示了它是足以应对所有的河流流量(佩罗 1674)。但是,Perrault并未完全了解渗透过程。Perrault的实验由法国科学院埃德米·马里奥特(Edme Mariotte,约1620–1684年)的同事重复和完善。在TRAITE杜解放运动水务集团等德军团其他残疾fluides,马里奥特(1686)承认渗透不是普遍且均匀的,但通过争论“在未耕地和树林中有几条小运河,它们非常靠近地表,雨水进入其中”,从而预见了现代大孔理论。 ; 而且这些运河被继续大深度”(马里奥特 1718,16-17)。

可以肯定的是,英国皇家学会的成员已经阅读并考虑了Perrault和Mariotte的工作(Dooge  1974)。无论佩罗DE L'原产德方丹(1674)和马里奥特的TRAITE杜解放运动水务集团等德军团其他残疾fluides(1686)在英国皇家学会进行了审查哲学交易几乎立即在公布如下。皇家学会会员对水文问题感兴趣的是埃德蒙德·哈雷(Edmond Halley,1656–1743)。“数字魔术为Pierre Perrault,Edme Mariotte和Edmond Halley赢得了水文学科学奠基人的头衔”(Parizek  1963,第4页)。

更新日期:2021-01-18
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