Globally, salinity threatens the agricultural crops productivity by inhibiting plant growth and development through osmotic stress and ionic cytotoxicity. The polygenic nature of salinity offers several pragmatic shotgun approaches to improve salinity tolerance. The present study investigated the potential of glutathione (GSH; 1 mM) as an antioxidant and moringa leaf extract (MLE; 3%) as an organic biostimulant applied in sequence as seed priming and foliar spray on wheat growth, physiology and metabolic adaptation under saline conditions (9.16 dS m⁻¹). Plants without any treatment and water spray (H₂O) were considered controls. Salinity induced osmotic stress reduced the plant tissue water status and photosynthetic performance, and perturbed ionic (K⁺/Na⁺, Ca²⁺/Na⁺, K⁺+Ca²⁺/Na⁺) and hormonal (IAA, GA₃, zeatin, ABA) homeostasis, consequently affected growth and yield in wheat. Sequenced applied MLE and/or GSH improved osmotic stress tolerance by stabilizing membrane integrity and decreasing electrolyte leakage. These positive results were owed to enhanced endogenous GSH and ascorbate levels. Improved tissue water status was attributed to increased osmotic adjustment, better ionic and hormonal homeostasis contributed to improving photosynthetic efficiency and growth under salinity. Exogenously applied MLE and GSH sequences improved grain yield, which was attributed to the maintenance of green leaf area and delayed senescence associated with an increase in photosynthetic pigments and chlorophyll fluorescence traits. In crux, exogenous applied MLE and/or GSH can be the best physiological strategy to reduce the deleterious effects of salinity and improve physiological and metabolic adaptation in wheat under saline field conditions.

在全球范围内，盐度通过渗透胁迫和离子细胞毒性抑制植物的生长发育，威胁着农作物的生产力。盐度的多基因性质提供了几种实用的shot弹枪方法来提高盐度耐受性。本研究调查了谷胱甘肽（GSH; 1 mM）作为抗氧化剂和辣木叶片提取物（MLE; 3％）作为有机生物刺激剂的潜力，依次应用为种子启动和叶面喷雾对小麦生长，生理和盐分下的代谢适应条件（9.16 dS m ^-1）。未经任何处理和喷水（H ₂ O）的植物被认为是对照。盐分引起的渗透胁迫降低了植物组织的水分状况和光合性能，并破坏了离子（K ⁺ / Na⁺，Ca ²⁺ / Na ⁺，K ⁺ + Ca ²⁺ / Na ⁺）和激素（IAA，GA ₃（玉米素，玉米素，ABA）稳态，因此影响了小麦的生长和产量。顺序施用的MLE和/或GSH可通过稳定膜的完整性并减少电解质的渗漏来提高渗透压耐受性。这些积极的结果归因于内源性GSH和抗坏血酸水平的提高。改善的组织水分状况归因于增加的渗透调节，更好的离子和激素稳态促进了盐度下的光合作用效率和生长。外源施加的MLE和GSH序列提高了谷物产量，这归因于维持绿叶面积和延缓衰老，这与光合色素和叶绿素荧光特性的增加有关。在症结所在