The ubiquity of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in various environmental matrices inevitably pose human exposure risks. Numerous studies have investigated human exposure pathways to OPEs, including air inhalation, dust ingestion, dermal contact, and dietary and drinking water intake, and have indicated that indoor dust and indoor air routes are frequently the two main human exposure pathways. This article reviews the literature on OPE contamination in indoor air and dust from various microenvironments and on OPE particle size distributions and bioavailability in dust conducted over the past 10 years. Ways in which sampling strategies are related to the uncertainty of exposure assessment results and comparability among different studies in terms of sampling tools, sampling sites, and sample types are addressed. Also, the associations of OPEs in indoor dust/air with human biological samples were summarized. Studies on two emerging matrices, hand wipes and silicone wristbands, are demonstrated to be more comprehensive and accurate in reflecting personal human exposure to OPEs in microenvironments and are summarized. Given the direct application of some diester OPEs (di-OPEs) in numerous products, research on their existence in indoor dust and food and on their effects on human urine are also discussed. Finally, related research trends and avenues for future research are prospected.

各种环境基质中普遍存在的有机磷酸酯 (OPE) 不可避免地会带来人体暴露风险。许多研究调查了人类接触 OPE 的途径，包括空气吸入、灰尘摄入、皮肤接触以及饮食和饮用水的摄入，并表明室内灰尘和室内空气途径通常是人类接触的两个主要途径。本文回顾了过去 10 年中关于室内空气和各种微环境灰尘中 OPE 污染以及灰尘中 OPE 粒径分布和生物利用度的文献。讨论了采样策略与暴露评估结果的不确定性以及不同研究在采样工具、采样地点和样本类型方面的可比性相关的方式。还，总结了室内灰尘/空气中OPEs与人体生物样本的关系。对两种新兴基质（擦手巾和硅胶腕带）的研究被证明在反映个人在微环境中对 OPE 的暴露方面更加全面和准确，并进行了总结。鉴于一些二酯 OPE (di-OPE) 在众多产品中的直接应用，还讨论了它们在室内灰尘和食物中的存在以及它们对人体尿液的影响。最后对相关研究趋势和未来研究方向进行了展望。鉴于一些二酯 OPE (di-OPE) 在众多产品中的直接应用，还讨论了它们在室内灰尘和食物中的存在以及它们对人体尿液的影响。最后对相关研究趋势和未来研究方向进行了展望。鉴于一些二酯 OPE (di-OPE) 在众多产品中的直接应用，还讨论了它们在室内灰尘和食物中的存在以及它们对人体尿液的影响。最后对相关研究趋势和未来研究方向进行了展望。