Interspecific interactions are key drivers in structuring animal communities. Sympatric animals may show such behavioural patterns as the differential use of space and/or time to avoid competitive encounters. We took advantage of the ecological conditions of our study area, inhabited by different ungulate species, to investigate the spatial and temporal distribution of Capreolus capreolus, Dama dama and Sus scrofa. We estimated intraspecific interaction arising from the concomitant use of resources by using camera trapping. We collected 2741 videos with the three ungulates, which showed peculiar activity patterns. The three species were observed in all the habitat types of the study area over the four seasons, thus highlighting an evident spatial overlap. Moreover, our analysis demonstrated that the three species did not avoid each other through temporal segregation of their activities, rather showing a high overlap of daily activity rhythms, though with differences among the species and the seasons. Despite the high spatial and temporal overlap, the three species seemed to adopt segregation through fine-scale spatial avoidance: at an hourly level, the proportion of sites where the species were observed together was relatively low. This spatio-temporal segregation revealed complex and alternative behavioural strategies, which likely facilitated intra-guild sympatry among the studied species. Both temporal and spatio-temporal overlap reached the highest values in summer, when environmental conditions were more demanding. Given these results, we may presume that different drivers (e.g. temperature, human disturbance), which are likely stronger than interspecific interactions, affected activity rhythms and fine-scale spatial use of the studied species.

种间相互作用是构建动物群落的关键驱动力。同伴动物可能表现出不同的行为模式，例如空间和/或时间的不同使用以避免竞争性相遇。我们利用研究区域中有蹄类动物不同的生态条件，调查了Capreolus capreolus，Dama dama和Sus scrofa的时空分布。我们通过使用相机陷印估计了伴随资源使用而引起的种内相互作用。我们收集了3741个有蹄类动物的2741个视频，这些视频显示出特殊的活动模式。在四个季节中，在研究区域的所有栖息地类型中都观察到了这三个物种，从而突出了明显的空间重叠。此外，我们的分析表明，这三个物种并没有通过活动的时间分隔而相互避开，而是表现出日常活动节奏的高度重叠，尽管物种和季节之间存在差异。尽管在空间和时间上有很高的重叠，但是这三个物种似乎是通过精细的空间规避来隔离的：在每小时的水平上，一起观察到该物种的地点所占的比例相对较低。这种时空隔离揭示了复杂的和可替代的行为策略，这很可能促进了所研究物种的行会内部交配。当环境条件更加苛刻时，夏季的时空重叠都达到了最高值。鉴于这些结果，我们可能会假设不同的驱动因素（例如温度，人为干扰）可能比种间相互作用，受影响的活动节奏和所研究物种的精细规模空间利用要强。G。温度，人为干扰），其作用可能强于种间相互作用，受影响的活动节奏和所研究物种的精细尺度空间利用。G。温度，人为干扰），其作用可能强于种间相互作用，受影响的活动节奏和所研究物种的精细尺度空间利用。