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Species Sensitivity to Toxic Substances: Evolution, Ecology and Applications
Frontiers in Environmental Science ( IF 4.6 ) Pub Date : 2020-12-01 , DOI: 10.3389/fenvs.2020.588380 David Spurgeon , Elma Lahive , Alex Robinson , Stephen Short , Peter Kille
Frontiers in Environmental Science ( IF 4.6 ) Pub Date : 2020-12-01 , DOI: 10.3389/fenvs.2020.588380 David Spurgeon , Elma Lahive , Alex Robinson , Stephen Short , Peter Kille
Because it is only possible to test chemicals for effects on a restricted range of species and exposure scenarios, ecotoxicologists are faced with a significant challenge of how to translate the measurements in model species into predictions of impacts for the wider range of species in ecosystems. Because of this challenge, within ecotoxicology there is no more fundamental aspect than to understand the nature of the traits that determine sensitivity. To account for the uncertainties of species extrapolations in risk assessment, “safety factors” or species sensitivity distributions are commonly used. While valuable as pragmatic tools, these approaches have no mechanistic grounding. Here we highlight how mechanistic information that is increasingly available for a range of traits can be used to understand and potentially predict species sensitivity to chemicals. We review current knowledge on how toxicokinetic, toxicodynamic, physiological, and ecological traits contribute to differences in sensitivity. We go on to discuss how this information is being used to make predictions of sensitivity using correlative and trait-based approaches, including comparisons of target receptor orthologs. Finally, we discuss how the emerging knowledge and associated tools can be used to enhance theoretical and applied ecotoxicological research through improvements in mechanistic modeling, predictive ecotoxicology, species sensitivity distribution development, mixture toxicity assessment, chemical design, biotechnology application and mechanistically informed monitoring.
中文翻译:
物种对有毒物质的敏感性:进化、生态和应用
由于只能测试化学品对有限范围的物种和暴露场景的影响,生态毒理学家面临着如何将模型物种的测量结果转化为对生态系统中更广泛物种影响的预测的重大挑战。由于这一挑战,在生态毒理学中,没有比了解决定敏感性的特征的性质更基本的方面了。为了解释风险评估中物种外推的不确定性,通常使用“安全系数”或物种敏感性分布。虽然作为实用工具很有价值,但这些方法没有机械基础。在这里,我们强调了如何使用越来越多的用于一系列性状的机械信息来理解和潜在地预测物种对化学品的敏感性。我们回顾了有关毒代动力学、毒理学、生理学和生态学特征如何导致敏感性差异的当前知识。我们继续讨论如何使用相关和基于特征的方法(包括目标受体直系同源物的比较)使用这些信息来预测敏感性。最后,我们讨论了如何通过改进机械建模、预测生态毒理学、物种敏感性分布发展、混合物毒性评估、化学设计、
更新日期:2020-12-01
中文翻译:
物种对有毒物质的敏感性:进化、生态和应用
由于只能测试化学品对有限范围的物种和暴露场景的影响,生态毒理学家面临着如何将模型物种的测量结果转化为对生态系统中更广泛物种影响的预测的重大挑战。由于这一挑战,在生态毒理学中,没有比了解决定敏感性的特征的性质更基本的方面了。为了解释风险评估中物种外推的不确定性,通常使用“安全系数”或物种敏感性分布。虽然作为实用工具很有价值,但这些方法没有机械基础。在这里,我们强调了如何使用越来越多的用于一系列性状的机械信息来理解和潜在地预测物种对化学品的敏感性。我们回顾了有关毒代动力学、毒理学、生理学和生态学特征如何导致敏感性差异的当前知识。我们继续讨论如何使用相关和基于特征的方法(包括目标受体直系同源物的比较)使用这些信息来预测敏感性。最后,我们讨论了如何通过改进机械建模、预测生态毒理学、物种敏感性分布发展、混合物毒性评估、化学设计、