This research focused on the quantitative assessment of the surface deformation velocities and rates and their natural and man-made controlling factors as the potential risks along the seismically active 70 km section of buried oil and gas pipeline in Azerbaijan using Persistent Scatterer Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (PS-InSAR) and Small Baseline Subset (SBAS) remote sensing analysis. Both techniques showed that the continuous subsidence was prevailing in the kilometer range of 13–70 of pipelines crossing two seismic faults. The ground uplift deformations were observed in the pipeline kilometer range of 0–13. Although both PS-InSAR and SBAS measurements were highly consistent in deformation patterns and trends along pipelines, they showed differences in the spatial distribution of ground deformation classes and noisiness of produced results. High dispersion of PS-InSAR measurements caused low regression coefficients with SBAS for the entire pipeline kilometer range of 0–70. SBAS showed better performance than PS-InSAR along buried petroleum and gas pipelines in the following aspects: the complete coverage of the measured points, significantly lower dispersion of the results, continuous and realistic measurements and higher accuracy of ground deformation rates against the GPS historical measurements. As a primary factor of ground deformations, the influence of tectonic movements was observed in the wide scale analysis along 70 km long and 10 km wide section of petroleum and gas pipelines; however, the largest subsidence rates were observed in the areas of agricultural activities which accelerate the deformation rates caused by the tectonic processes. The diverse spatial distribution and variation of ground movement processes along pipelines demonstrated that general geological and geotechnical understanding of the study area is not sufficient to find and mitigate all the critical sites of subsidence and uplifts for the pipeline operators. This means that both techniques outlined in this paper provide a significant improvement for ground deformation monitoring or can significantly contribute to the assessment of geohazards and preventative countermeasures along petroleum and gas pipelines.

中文翻译：

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雷达遥感技术可通过测量表面变形和识别地质灾害风险来补充管道监测计划

这项研究的重点是使用持久性散射干涉合成孔径雷达对表面变形速度和速率及其自然和人为控制因素作为阿塞拜疆地下油气管道地震活动70 km断面的潜在风险进行定量评估（ PS-InSAR）和小基线子集（SBAS）遥感分析。两种技术都表明，穿越两个地震断层的管道在13-70公里的范围内普遍存在连续沉降。在0-13的管道公里范围内观察到地面隆起变形。尽管PS-InSAR和SBAS的测量在管道的变形模式和趋势方面都高度一致，他们显示了地面变形类别的空间分布和产生的结果的噪声差异。PS-InSAR测量值的高分散性导致整个SB公里范围为0-70的SBAS的回归系数都较低。在以下方面，SBAS在地下石油和天然气管道上的性能优于PS-InSAR：完全覆盖了测量点，结果分散度明显降低，连续和现实的测量以及相对于GPS历史测量的地面变形率的准确性更高。作为地面变形的主要因素，在长70 km，宽10 km的石油和天然气管道截面的大规模分析中，观察到了构造运动的影响。然而，在农业活动地区观察到最大的沉降速率，这些速率加速了构造过程引起的变形速率。沿管道的地面运动过程的空间分布和变化情况表明，对研究区域的一般地质和岩土技术了解不足以为管道运营者找到并减轻所有沉降和隆升的关键地点。这意味着，本文概述的两种技术都可以显着改善地面变形监测，或者可以极大地有助于评估油气管道沿途的地质灾害和预防对策。沿管道的地面运动过程的空间分布和变化情况表明，对研究区域的一般地质和岩土技术认识不足以为管道运营者找到并减轻所有沉降和隆升的关键地点。这意味着，本文概述的这两种技术都为地面变形监测提供了显着改进，或者可以极大地有助于评估油气管道沿途的地质灾害和预防对策。沿管道的地面运动过程的空间分布和变化情况表明，对研究区域的一般地质和岩土技术认识不足以为管道运营者找到并减轻所有沉降和隆升的关键地点。这意味着，本文概述的这两种技术都为地面变形监测提供了显着改进，或者可以极大地有助于评估油气管道沿途的地质灾害和预防对策。