Within the cosmopolitan family Solanaceae, Physalideae is the tribe with the highest generic diversity (30 genera and more than 200 species). This tribe embraces subtribe Physalidinae, in which phylogenetic relationships of some genera are not entirely resolved. Chromosomes may help on resolution, by providing information on the processes underlying speciation. Thus, cytogenetic analyses were carried out in the subtribe in order to establish its chromosome number and morphology. Physalidinae is characterized by x = 12 and most species shows a karyotype more asymmetric than those of sister clade Iochrominae. These karyotype traits were mapped onto a molecular phylogeny to test the congruence between karyotype evolution and clade differentiation. A diploid ancestor was reconstructed for the subtribe, and five to six polyploidy independent events were estimated, plus one aneuploidy event (X = 11 in the monotypic genus Quincula). Comparative phylogenetic methods showed that asymmetry indices and mean arm ratio (r) have a high phylogenetic signal, whereas a single gain of subtelocentric/telocentric chromosomes was found in the common ancestor of Physalis, Quincula, and Chamaesaracha. Karyotype asymmetry allows us to differentiate genera within subtribe Physalidinae. Overall, our study suggests that diversification in this group has been accompanied by karyotype changes, which can also be applied to delimit genera.

中文翻译：

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核型不对称形成了酸浆菌（Physalidinae、Physalideae、Solanaceae）内的多样性

在世界性的茄科家族中，Physalideae 是属种多样性最高的部落（30 属和 200 多种）。这个部落包含亚部落 Physalidinae，其中一些属的系统发育关系尚未完全解决。通过提供有关物种形成过程的信息，染色体可能有助于解决问题。因此，在亚部落中进行细胞遗传学分析以确定其染色体数目和形态。Physalidinae 的特征是 x = 12，大多数物种的核型比姐妹进化枝 Iochrominae 的核型更不对称。这些核型特征被映射到分子系统发育上，以测试核型进化和进化枝分化之间的一致性。为亚部落重建了一个二倍体祖先，估计了 5 到 6 个多倍体独立事件，加上 1 个非整倍体事件（X = 11 在单型 Quincula 属中）。比较系统发育方法表明，不对称指数和平均臂比 (r) 具有较高的系统发育信号，而在酸浆、Quincula 和 Chamaesaracha 的共同祖先中发现了亚端着丝粒/端着丝粒染色体的单一增益。核型不对称使我们能够区分亚部落 Physalidinae 内的属。总体而言，我们的研究表明，该组的多样化伴随着核型变化，这也可用于划定属。而在 Physalis、Quincula 和 Chamaesaracha 的共同祖先中发现了亚端着丝粒/端着丝粒染色体的单一增益。核型不对称使我们能够区分亚部落 Physalidinae 内的属。总体而言，我们的研究表明，该组的多样化伴随着核型变化，这也可用于划定属。而在 Physalis、Quincula 和 Chamaesaracha 的共同祖先中发现了亚端着丝粒/端着丝粒染色体的单一增益。核型不对称使我们能够区分亚部落 Physalidinae 内的属。总体而言，我们的研究表明，该组的多样化伴随着核型变化，这也可用于划定属。