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Data protection law beyond identifiability? Atmospheric profiles, nudging and the Stratumseind Living Lab
Computer Law & Security Review ( IF 2.707 ) Pub Date : 2020-11-29 , DOI: 10.1016/j.clsr.2020.105486
Maša Galič , Raphaël Gellert

The deployment of pervasive information and communication technologies (ICTs) within smart city initiatives transforms cities into extraordinary apparatuses of data capture. ICTs such as smart cameras, sound sensors and lighting technology are trying to infer and affect persons’ interests, preferences, emotional states, and behaviour. It should be no surprise then that contemporary legal and policy debates on privacy in smart cities are dominated by a debate focused on data and, therefore, on data protection law. In other words, data protection law is the go-to legal framework to regulate data processing activities within smart cities and similar initiatives. While this may seem obvious, a number of important hurdles might prevent data protection law to be (successfully) applied to such initiatives. In this contribution, we examine one such hurdle: whether the data processed in the context of smart cities actually qualifies as personal data, thus falling within the scope of data protection law. This question is explored not only through a theoretical discussion but also by taking an illustrative example of a smart city-type initiative – the Stratumseind 2.0 project and its living lab in the Netherlands (the Stratumseind Living Lab; SLL). Our analysis shows that the requirement of ‘identifiability’ might be difficult to satisfy in the SLL and similar initiatives. This is so for two main reasons. First, a large amount of the data at stake do not qualify as personal data, at least at first blush. Most of it relates to the environment, such as, data about the weather, air quality, sound and crowding levels, rather than to identified or even likely identifiable individuals. This is connected to the second reason, according to which, the aim of many smart city initiatives (including the SLL) is not to identify and target specific individuals but to manage or nudge them as a multiplicity – a combination of the environment, persons and all of their interactions. This is done by trying to affect the ‘atmosphere’ on the street. We thus argue that a novel type of profiling operations is at stake; rather than relying on individual or group profiling, the SLL and similar initiatives rely upon what we have called ‘atmospheric profiling’. We conclude that it remains highly uncertain, whether smart city initiatives like the SLL actually process personal data. Yet, they still pose risks for a wide variety of rights and freedoms, which data protection law is meant to protect, and a need for regulation remains.



中文翻译:

数据保护法超越可识别性?大气剖面,裸露和Stratumseind Living Lab

在智慧城市计划中广泛使用的信息和通信技术(ICT)的部署将城市转变为非常规的数据采集设备。诸如智能相机,声音传感器和照明技术之类的ICT正在试图推断并影响人们的兴趣,喜好,情绪状态和行为。因此,就智能城市中的隐私进行的当代法律和政策辩论以数据为重点,因此也以数据保护法为主导,这不足为奇。换句话说,数据保护法是规范智慧城市内的数据处理活动和类似举措的法律框架。尽管这似乎很明显,但是许多重要的障碍可能会阻止(成功地)将数据保护法应用于此类举措。在这一贡献中,我们研究了一个这样的障碍:在智慧城市环境中处理的数据是否实际上符合个人数据资格,因此属于数据保护法的范围。这个问题不仅可以通过理论讨论来探讨,还可以通过以智能城市类型的计划为例进行说明-Stratumseind 2.0项目及其在荷兰的生活实验室(Stratumseind生活实验室; SLL)。我们的分析表明,SLL和类似计划可能难以满足“可识别性”的要求。之所以如此,有两个主要原因。首先,至少在乍一看时,大量危急中的数据不符合个人数据的条件。它大部分与环境有关,例如有关天气,空气质量,声音和拥挤程度的数据,而不是与已识别甚至可能可识别的个人有关。这与第二个原因有关,根据第二个原因,许多智慧城市计划(包括SLL)的目的不是识别和定位特定的个人,而是将其作为多种因素进行管理或推动–环境,人员和环境的结合。他们所有的互动。这是通过尝试影响街道上的“气氛”来完成的。因此,我们认为一种新型的剖析操作正处于危险之中。SLL和类似的计划不是依靠个人或团体分析,而是依靠我们所谓的“大气分析”。我们得出的结论是,诸如SLL之类的智慧城市计划是否实际处理个人数据仍存在高度不确定性。但是,它们仍然为各种权利和自由带来风险,数据保护法旨在保护这些权利和自由,并且仍然需要监管。据此,许多智慧城市计划(包括SLL)的目的不是识别和定位特定的个人,而是将其作为多种因素进行管理或推动-环境,人员及其所有互动的结合。这是通过尝试影响街道上的“气氛”来完成的。因此,我们认为一种新型的剖析操作正处于危险之中。SLL和类似的计划不是依靠个人或团体的分析,而是依靠我们所谓的“大气分析”。我们得出的结论是,诸如SLL之类的智慧城市计划是否实际处理个人数据仍存在高度不确定性。但是,它们仍然为各种权利和自由带来风险,数据保护法旨在保护这些权利和自由,并且仍然需要监管。据此,许多智慧城市计划(包括SLL)的目的不是识别和定位特定的个人,而是将其作为多种因素进行管理或推动-环境,人员及其所有互动的结合。这是通过尝试影响街道上的“气氛”来完成的。因此,我们认为一种新型的剖析操作正处于危险之中。SLL和类似的计划不是依靠个人或团体的分析,而是依靠我们所谓的“大气分析”。我们得出的结论是,诸如SLL之类的智慧城市计划是否实际处理个人数据仍存在高度不确定性。但是,它们仍然为各种权利和自由带来风险,数据保护法旨在保护这些权利和自由,并且仍然需要监管。许多智慧城市计划(包括SLL)的目的不是要识别和定位特定的个人,而是要以多种方式管理或推动他们-环境,人员及其所有互动的结合。这是通过尝试影响街道上的“气氛”来完成的。因此,我们认为一种新型的剖析操作正处于危险之中。SLL和类似的计划不是依靠个人或团体分析,而是依靠我们所谓的“大气分析”。我们得出的结论是,诸如SLL之类的智慧城市计划是否实际处理个人数据仍存在高度不确定性。但是,它们仍然为各种权利和自由带来风险,数据保护法旨在保护这些权利和自由,并且仍然需要监管。许多智慧城市计划(包括SLL)的目的不是要识别和定位特定的个人,而是要以多种多样的方式来管理或推动他们-环境,人员及其所有互动的结合。这是通过尝试影响街道上的“气氛”来完成的。因此,我们认为一种新型的性能分析操作正处于危险之中。SLL和类似的计划不是依靠个人或团体分析,而是依靠我们所谓的“大气分析”。我们得出的结论是,诸如SLL之类的智慧城市计划是否实际处理个人数据仍存在高度不确定性。但是,它们仍然为各种权利和自由带来风险,数据保护法旨在保护这些权利和自由,并且仍然需要监管。

更新日期:2020-12-01
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