Adult cognitive neuroscience has guided the study of human brain development by identifying regions associated with cognitive functions at maturity. The activity, connectivity, and structure of a region can be compared across ages to characterize the developmental trajectory of the corresponding function. However, developmental differences may reflect both the maturation of the function and also its organization across the brain. That is, a function may be present in children but supported by different brain regions, leading its maturity to be underestimated. Here we test the presence, maturity, and localization of adult functions in children using shared response modeling, a machine learning approach for functional alignment. After learning a lower-dimensional feature space from fMRI activity as adults watched a movie, we translated these shared features into the anatomical brain space of children 3-12 years old. To evaluate functional maturity, we correlated this reconstructed activity with children's actual fMRI activity as they watched the same movie. We found reliable correlations throughout cortex, even in the youngest children. The strength of the correlation in the precuneus, inferior frontal gyrus, and lateral occipital cortex predicted chronological age. These age-related changes were driven by three types of developmental trajectories: emergence from absence to presence, consistency in anatomical expression, and reorganization from one anatomical region to another. We also found evidence that the processing of pain-related events in the movie underwent reorganization across childhood. This data-driven, naturalistic approach provides a new perspective on the development of functional neuroanatomy throughout childhood.

中文翻译：

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整个儿童发育过程中成人大脑功能的出现和组织

成人认知神经科学通过识别与成熟时认知功能相关的区域来指导人类大脑发育的研究。一个区域的活动、连通性和结构可以跨年龄进行比较，以表征相应功能的发展轨迹。然而，发育差异可能既反映了功能的成熟度，也反映了它在整个大脑中的组织。也就是说，一种功能可能存在于儿童中，但由不同的大脑区域支持，导致其成熟度被低估。在这里，我们使用共享响应模型（一种用于功能对齐的机器学习方法）来测试儿童成人功能的存在、成熟度和定位。在成人看电影时从 fMRI 活动中学习低维特征空间后，我们将这些共享特征转化为 3-12 岁儿童的解剖大脑空间。为了评估功能成熟度，我们将这种重建的活动与儿童观看同一部电影时的实际 fMRI 活动相关联。我们在整个皮质中发现了可靠的相关性，即使在最小的孩子中也是如此。楔前叶、额下回和枕外侧皮层的相关强度预测了实际年龄。这些与年龄相关的变化是由三种类型的发育轨迹驱动的：从缺席到存在的出现、解剖表达的一致性以及从一个解剖区域到另一个解剖区域的重组。我们还发现有证据表明电影中疼痛相关事件的处理在整个童年时期都经历了重组。这种数据驱动，