This review systematically reports the pyrolysis of oily sludge (OS) from petroleum industry in regards to its dual features of the energy recovery potential and the environmental risks. The petroleum hydrocarbons are the nonbiodegradable fractions in OS that possess hazardous properties, i.e. ignitability and toxicity. Besides, complicated hazardous elements (i.e. N, S and Cl) and heavy metals inherently existing in OS further aggravate the environmental risks. However, the high oil content and heating value of OS contribute to its huge energy resource potential. Considering the energy demand and the environmental pressure, the ultimate purposes of the OS management are to enhance the oil recovery efficiency to minimize the oil content as well as to stabilize the hazardous elements and heavy metals into the solid residue. Among various OS management technologies, the pyrolysis is the most suitable approach to reach both targets. In this review paper, the pyrolysis principle, the kinetics and the product distribution in three-phases are discussed firstly. Then the effects of operating parameters of the pyrolysis process on the quality and the application potential of the three-phase products, as well as the hazardous element distribution are discussed. To further solve the dominant concerns, such as the oil content in the solid residue, the pyrolytic oil quality and the migration of hazardous elements and heavy metals, the potentials of the catalytic pyrolysis and the co-pyrolysis with additives are also summarized. Also, the typical pyrolysis reactors are then presented. From the perspective of the energy efficiency and the non-hazardous disposal, the integrated technology combining the pyrolysis and the combustion for the OS management is recommended. Finally, the remaining challenges of OS pyrolysis encountered in the research and the industrial application are discussed and the related outlooks are itemized.

这篇综述系统地报道了石油工业中的油泥（OS）的热解，它具有能量回收潜力和环境风险的双重特征。石油烃是OS中不可生物降解的馏分，具有危险特性，即易燃性和毒性。此外，OS中固有存在的复杂危险元素（即N，S和Cl）和重金属进一步加剧了环境风险。然而，OS的高油含量和热值为其巨大的能源潜力做出了贡献。考虑到能源需求和环境压力，OS管理的最终目的是提高采油效率，以使油含量降至最低，并稳定有害元素和重金属进入固体残渣。在各种OS管理技术中，热解是实现两个目标的最合适方法。本文首先讨论了三相的热解原理，动力学和产物分布。然后讨论了热解过程的操作参数对三相产物的质量和应用潜力以及有害元素分布的影响。为了进一步解决主要问题，例如固体残留物中的油含量，热解油的质量以及有害元素和重金属的迁移，还总结了催化热解和与添加剂共热解的潜力。另外，然后给出了典型的热解反应器。从能源效率和无害处置的角度来看，建议将热解和燃烧相结合的集成技术用于OS管理。最后，讨论了OS热解在研究和工业应用中仍然面临的挑战，并列出了相关的前景。