Increasing evidence supports the notion that in humans many pathological conditions including obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes are closely related to the amount and quality of each nutritional component and to an impairment of the metabolic homeostatic mechanisms of their utilization. Cell signaling pathways that sense the availability of nutrients and the energy status of the cells communicate with signaling pahways triggered by hormones and growth factors to coordinately regulate whole-body metabolic homeostasis. The aim of this review is to provide an overview picture of current knowledge about the main molecular mechanisms that connect nutritional status, hormones, and nutrient levels with gene expression, metabolic homeostasis, and nutrient sensing. We recapitulate molecular mechanisms governing fuel selection between glucose and fatty acids in different nutritional conditions, highlighting metabolic flexibility as mechanism to ensure metabolic health. Disrupted metabolic flexibility, or metabolic inflexibility, is associated with many pathological conditions including metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and cancer. We also describe how macronutrients that can be used as energy sources may reciprocally modulate their own metabolism as well as directly interact with transcriptional factors, nutrient sensors and nutrient sensing pathways in order to achieve metabolic homeostasis.

中文翻译：

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将营养与代谢稳态联系起来的分子机制：当前理解的概述图

越来越多的证据支持这样一种观点，即在人类中，包括肥胖、代谢综合征和 2 型糖尿病在内的许多病理状况与每种营养成分的数量和质量以及它们利用的代谢稳态机制的损害密切相关。感知营养物质的可用性和细胞能量状态的细胞信号通路与激素和生长因子触发的信号通路通信，以协调调节全身代谢稳态。本综述的目的是提供有关将营养状态、激素和营养水平与基因表达、代谢稳态和营养感知联系起来的主要分子机制的当前知识的概览图。我们概括了在不同营养条​​件下控制葡萄糖和脂肪酸之间燃料选择的分子机制，强调代谢灵活性是确保代谢健康的机制。代谢灵活性受损或代谢不灵活与许多病理状况有关，包括代谢综合征、2 型糖尿病和癌症。我们还描述了可用作能源的宏量营养素如何相互调节自身的新陈代谢，以及如何直接与转录因子、营养传感器和营养传感途径相互作用，以实现代谢稳态。与许多病理状况有关，包括代谢综合征、2 型糖尿病和癌症。我们还描述了可用作能源的宏量营养素如何相互调节自身的新陈代谢，以及如何直接与转录因子、营养传感器和营养传感途径相互作用，以实现代谢稳态。与许多病理状况有关，包括代谢综合征、2 型糖尿病和癌症。我们还描述了可用作能源的宏量营养素如何相互调节自身的新陈代谢，以及如何直接与转录因子、营养传感器和营养传感途径相互作用，以实现代谢稳态。