Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of genome sequences of eight Aspergillus flavus and seven Aspergillus oryzae strains were extracted with Mauve, a multiple-genome alignment program. A phylogenetic analysis with sequences comprised of concatenated total SNPs by the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) of MAFFT adequately separated them into three groups, A. flavus S-morphotype, A. flavus L-morphotype, and A. oryzae. Divergence time inferred for A. flavus NRRL21882, the active agent of the biocontrol product Afla-Guard® , and S-morphotype was about 5.1 mya. Another biocontrol strain, A. flavus AF36, diverged from aflatoxigenic L-morphotype about 2.6 to 3.0 mya. Despite the close relatedness of A. oryzae to A. flavus, A. oryzae strains likely evolved from aflatoxigenic Aspergillus aflatoxiformans (=A. parvisclerotigenus). A survey of A. flavus populations implies that prior Afla-Guard® applications are associated with prevalence of NRRL21882-type isolates in Mississippi fields. In addition, a few NRRL21882 relatives were identified. A. flavus Og0222, a biocontrol ingredient of Aflasafe™, was verified as a NRRL21882-type strain, having identical sequence breakpoints that led to deletion of aflatoxin and cyclopiazonic acid gene clusters. A similar UPGMA analysis suggests that the occurrence of NRRL21882-type strains is a more recent event.

中文翻译：

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破译黄曲霉 NRRL21882 的起源，Afla-Guard ® 的活性生物防治剂

使用多基因组比对程序 Mauve 提取了八种黄曲霉和七种米曲霉菌株的基因组序列的单核苷酸多态性 (SNP)。通过未加权配对组方法和 MAFFT 的算术平均值 (UPGMA) 对由串联总 SNP 组成的序列进行的系统发育分析将它们充分地分为三组：黄曲霉S-形态型、黄曲霉L-形态型和米曲霉。黄曲霉NRRL21882（生物防治产品Afla-Guard® 的活性剂）和S-形态型的推断发散时间约为5.1 mya。另一种生物防治菌株，黄曲霉AF36，与产黄曲霉毒素L-形态型的差异大约为2.6 至3.0 mya。尽管 A. oryzae 与 A. flavus 密切相关，但 A. oryzae 菌株很可能是从产黄曲霉毒素 Aspergillus aflatoxiformans (= A. parvisclerotigenus) 进化而来的。对黄曲霉种群的调查表明，先前的 Afla-Guard® 应用与密西西比州田间 NRRL21882 型分离株的流行有关。此外，还鉴定了一些 NRRL21882 亲属。A. flavus Og0222 是 Aflasafe™ 的生物防治成分，经验证为 NRRL21882 型菌株，具有导致黄曲霉毒素和环吡氮酸基因簇缺失的相同序列断点。类似的 UPGMA 分析表明 NRRL21882 型菌株的出现是最近发生的事件。具有导致黄曲霉毒素和环吡氮酸基因簇缺失的相同序列断点。类似的 UPGMA 分析表明 NRRL21882 型菌株的出现是最近发生的事件。具有导致黄曲霉毒素和环吡氮酸基因簇缺失的相同序列断点。类似的 UPGMA 分析表明 NRRL21882 型菌株的出现是最近发生的事件。