The aim was to disentangle gait characteristics from other qualities needed for racing performances with a genomic analysis of French trotters (FT). A sample of 1,390 horses were recruited, from which 46% were genotyped with Illumina chip of 54,602 SNPs, 49% with Affymetrix chip of 670,806 SNPs and 586 had a completed questionnaire on trotting technique. Racing performances cover the period 1996 to 2018. There were 252,368 FT-born; 96,617 qualified and 83,962 which participated in a race. After quality control, 377,611 SNPs were retained and imputed. Questionnaire described trotting technique over 13 questions which were summarized, after principal component analysis in 3 traits: pacer, heavy trot/gallop and other defects. GWAS and genomic evaluation were performed using single-step approach. We found 25 QTL for racing performances and 9 for trotting technique. Only DMRT3 mutation was significant for both traits. To tend to pace avoid the defect at gallop and lead to a better early career for earnings, less percentage of disqualified races at all ages and more harness than under saddle career. This is the portrait of AA genotype at DMRT3. We found 5 other QTL, not linked to gait traits, which might improve selection of genetically independent performance traits of earnings per races and percentage of finished races. For only earnings at different ages and in under saddle or harness races, genomic evaluation remains the best way to predict performances.

中文翻译：

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法国猪蹄步态和比赛表现的基因组分析

目的是通过对法国猪蹄 (FT) 的基因组分析，将步态特征与赛车表演所需的其他品质区分开来。招募了 1,390 匹马的样本，其中 46% 使用 Illumina 芯片进行了 54,602 个 SNP 的基因分型，49% 使用 Affymetrix 芯片进行了 670,806 个 SNP 的基因分型，586 匹完成了小跑技术问卷。赛车表演涵盖1996年至2018年期间。有252,368名FT出生；96,617 人合格，83,962 人参加比赛。质量控制后，保留并估算了 377,611 个 SNP。问卷描述了13个问题的小跑技术，经过主成分分析后总结出3个特征：起搏器、重快跑/疾驰和其他缺陷。GWAS 和基因组评估使用单步方法进行。我们发现了 25 个 QTL 用于赛车表演，9 个用于小跑技术。只有 DMRT3 突变对这两个性状都是显着的。倾向于配速避免在疾驰时的缺陷，并导致更好的早期职业收入，所有年龄段的不合格比赛的百分比都更低，并且比马鞍生涯更多的马具。这是 DMRT3 上 AA 基因型的画像。我们发现了其他 5 个与步态特征无关的 QTL，这可能会改善对每场比赛收入和完成比赛百分比的遗传独立性能特征的选择。对于不同年龄和马鞍或马具比赛的收入，基因组评估仍然是预测表现的最佳方式。与马鞍职业相比，所有年龄段的不合格比赛的百分比都更低，并且马具更多。这是 DMRT3 上 AA 基因型的画像。我们发现了其他 5 个与步态特征无关的 QTL，这可能会改善对每场比赛收入和完成比赛百分比的遗传独立性能特征的选择。对于不同年龄和马鞍或马具比赛的收入，基因组评估仍然是预测表现的最佳方式。与马鞍职业相比，所有年龄段的不合格比赛的百分比都更低，并且马具更多。这是 DMRT3 上 AA 基因型的画像。我们发现了其他 5 个与步态特征无关的 QTL，这可能会改善对每场比赛收入和完成比赛百分比的遗传独立性能特征的选择。对于不同年龄和马鞍或马具比赛的收入，基因组评估仍然是预测表现的最佳方式。