Gentiana is a sub‐cosmopolitan temperate genus among the most species‐rich in Gentianaceae. Although molecular data (produced via Sanger sequencing) allowed the resolution of phylogenetic relationships between Gentiana and other genera in subtribe Gentianinae, the validity of sections within the genus remains largely untested. In this study, we evaluated the monophyly of all 14 sections attributed to Gentiana, using 294 unlinked anchored loci, the nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) cistron as well as plastid genomes, all produced by anchored hybrid enrichment. We reconstructed phylogenetic relationships by conducting maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses. These analyses represent a significant improvement over previous taxonomic studies using molecular tools. Our results partly correspond to traditional taxonomic treatments, with several sections being well supported as monophyletic, including Gentiana sect. Calathianae, sect. Ciminalis, sect. Cruciata, sect. Frigida, sect. Gentiana and sect. Pneumonanthe. In contrast, G. sect. Isomeria, sect. Microsperma and sect. Monopodiae were found to be polyphyletic, whereas sect. Dolichocarpa and sect. Fimbricorona were nested within sect. Chondrophyllae. We here provide new taxonomic treatments for these sections, mostly based upon the traditional delineation of their series, which were recovered as monophyletic. In our new treatment, Gentiana encompasses 13 sections. A new determination key to the sections of Gentiana is provided.

中文翻译：

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龙胆（龙胆科）的系统发育关系和区域划分

龙胆属（Gentiana）是龙舌兰科物种最多的亚大都会温带属。尽管分子数据（通过Sanger测序产生）可以解决龙胆亚科龙胆属与其他属之间的亲缘关系，但该属内各部分的有效性仍未经测试。在这项研究中，我们评估了归因于Gentiana的所有14个部分的单性，使用294个未连接的锚定基因座，核糖体DNA（rDNA）顺反子以及质体基因组，这些都是通过锚定杂交富集产生的。我们通过进行最大似然和贝叶斯分析来重建系统发育关系。这些分析表明，与以前使用分子工具进行的分类学研究相比，已有显着改进。我们的结果部分与传统的分类学处理相对应，其中包括金琴属在内的几个方面都得到了单系统的支持。ath科 Ciminalis，教派。Cruciata，教派。弗里格达（Frigida）教派 龙胆属和教派。肺炎。相比之下，G。教派。伊索里亚（Isomeria）教派。精子和门。单足纲被发现是多系的，而宗派。Dolichocarpa和教派。Fimbricorona嵌套在一个教派中。软骨藻。我们在这里为这些部分提供了新的分类学处理方法，主要是基于其系列的传统描述，它们被恢复为单系统的。在我们的新疗法中，龙胆属包括13个部分。提供了一个新的Gentiana部分确定键。