All metazoans are in fact holobionts, resulting from the association of several organisms, and organismal adaptation is then due to the composite response of this association to the environment. Deciphering the mechanisms of symbiont acquisition in a holobiont is therefore essential to understanding the extent of its adaptive capacities. In cnidarians, some species acquire their photosynthetic symbionts directly from their parents (vertical transmission) but may also acquire symbionts from the environment (horizontal acquisition) at the adult stage. The Mediterranean snakelocks sea anemone, Anemonia viridis (Forskål, 1775), passes down symbionts from one generation to the next by vertical transmission, but the capacity for such horizontal acquisition is still unexplored. To unravel the flexibility of the association between the different host lineages identified in A. viridis and its Symbiodiniaceae, we genotyped both the animal hosts and their symbiont communities in members of host clones in five different locations in the North Western Mediterranean Sea. The composition of within‐host–symbiont populations was more dependent on the geographical origin of the hosts than their membership to a given lineage or even to a given clone. Additionally, similarities in host–symbiont communities were greater among genets (i.e. among different clones) than among ramets (i.e. among members of the same given clonal genotype). Taken together, our results demonstrate that A. viridis may form associations with a range of symbiotic dinoflagellates and suggest a capacity for horizontal acquisition. A mixed‐mode transmission strategy in A. viridis, as we posit here, may help explain the large phenotypic plasticity that characterizes this anemone.

中文翻译：

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水平获取大花银莲花（Cnidaria，Anthozoa）物种群中共生植物的共生体

实际上，所有后生动物都是全生命的，是由于几种生物体的结合所致，然后有机体的适应是由于这种结合体对环境的综合反应。因此，了解整群动物共生体获取的机制对于理解其适应能力的范围至关重要。在cnidarians中，某些物种在成年阶段直接从其父母那里获取其光合共生体（垂直传播），但也可能从环境中获取其共生共生体（水平获取）。地中海蛇lock海葵，海葵（Forskål，1775年）通过垂直传输将共生体从一代传到了下一代，但是这种水平采集的能力仍待探索。为了揭示在拟南芥及其共生菌科中鉴定的不同宿主谱系之间关联的灵活性，我们在西北地中海五个不同地点的宿主克隆成员中对动物宿主及其共生菌群落进行了基因分型。寄主共生体内种群的组成更多地取决于寄主的地理起源，而不是寄居于给定血统甚至给定克隆的成员。另外，种系之间（即不同克隆之间）寄主共生体群落的相似性比分株（即分株之间）更大。。相同给定克隆基因型的成员之间）。综上所述，我们的结果表明，绿色拟青霉可能与一系列共生鞭毛藻形成关联，并暗示了水平捕获的能力。正如我们在此处假设的那样，绿孢曲霉的混合模式传播策略可能有助于解释该海葵的大表型可塑性。