Antiretroviral therapy controls HIV replication but does not eliminate the virus from the infected host. The persistence of a small pool of cells harboring integrated and replication-competent HIV genomes impedes viral eradication efforts. The HIV reservoir was originally described as a relatively homogeneous pool of resting memory CD4+ T cells. Over the past 20 years, the identification of multiple cellular subsets of CD4+ T cells endowed with distinct biological properties shed new lights on the heterogeneity of HIV reservoirs. It is now clear that HIV persists in a large variety of CD4+ T cells, which contribute to HIV persistence through different mechanisms. In this review, we summarize recent findings indicating that specific biological features of well-characterized subsets of CD4+ T cells individually contribute to the persistence of HIV. These include an increased sensitivity to HIV infection, specific tissue locations, enhanced survival and heightened capacity to proliferate. We also discuss the relative abilities of these cellular reservoirs to contribute to viral rebound upon ART interruption. Together, these findings reveal that the HIV reservoir is not homogeneous and should be viewed as a mosaic of multiple cell types that all contribute to HIV persistence through different mechanisms.

抗逆转录病毒疗法可以控制艾滋病毒复制，但不能消除感染宿主体内的病毒。一小部分含有完整且具有复制能力的艾滋病毒基因组的细胞的持续存在阻碍了病毒根除工作。HIV 储存库最初被描述为相对均匀的静息记忆 CD4+ T 细胞库。在过去的 20 年里，对具有独特生物学特性的 CD4+ T 细胞的多个细胞亚群的鉴定为研究 HIV 病毒库的异质性提供了新的线索。现在已经清楚，HIV 在多种 CD4+ T 细胞中持续存在，这些细胞通过不同的机制促进 HIV 持续存在。在这篇综述中，我们总结了最近的研究结果，表明明确表征的 CD4+ T 细胞亚群的特定生物学特征单独有助于 HIV 的持续存在。这些包括对艾滋病毒感染的敏感性增加、特定的组织位置、提高的存活率和增强的增殖能力。我们还讨论了这些细胞储存库在 ART 中断后导致病毒反弹的相对能力。总之，这些发现表明，HIV 储存库不是同质的，应该被视为多种细胞类型的镶嵌体，这些细胞类型都通过不同的机制促进 HIV 的持久存在。