Although in all sexually reproducing organisms an individual has a mother and a father, non-genetic inheritance has been predominantly studied in mothers. Paternal effects have been far less frequently studied, until recently. In the last 5 years, research on environmentally induced paternal effects has grown rapidly in the number of publications and diversity of topics. Here, we provide an overview of this field using synthesis of evidence (systematic map) and influence (bibliometric analyses). We find that motivations for studies into paternal effects are diverse. For example, from the ecological and evolutionary perspective, paternal effects are of interest as facilitators of response to environmental change and mediators of extended heredity. Medical researchers track how paternal pre-fertilization exposures to factors, such as diet or trauma, influence offspring health. Toxicologists look at the effects of toxins. We compare how these three research guilds design experiments in relation to objects of their studies: fathers, mothers and offspring. We highlight examples of research gaps, which, in turn, lead to future avenues of research. The literature on paternal effects is large and disparate. Our study helps in fostering connections between areas of knowledge that develop in parallel, but which could benefit from the lateral transfer of concepts and methods.

中文翻译：

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绘制父本效应的过去，现在和将来的研究图谱

尽管在所有有性生殖生物中，一个人都有一个母亲和一个父亲，但非遗传性遗传主要是在母亲中进行的。直到最近，对父体效应的研究还很少。在过去的五年中，关于环境引起的父权效应的研究在出版物数量和主题多样性方面迅速增长。在这里，我们使用证据的综合（系统图）和影响力（文献计量分析）来概述该领域。我们发现，研究父亲效应的动机是多种多样的。例如，从生态学和进化的角度来看，作为对环境变化的反应的促进者和广泛遗传的媒介，父本效应是令人感兴趣的。医学研究人员可以跟踪父亲在受精前受饮食或创伤等因素的影响，影响后代的健康。毒理学家着眼于毒素的影响。我们比较了这三个研究行会如何设计与他们的研究对象有关的实验：父亲，母亲和后代。我们重点介绍了研究空白的示例，这些空白反过来又导致了未来的研究途径。关于父本影响的文献很大且各不相同。我们的研究有助于促进并行发展的知识领域之间的联系，但可以从概念和方法的横向转移中受益。关于父本影响的文献很大且各不相同。我们的研究有助于促进并行发展的知识领域之间的联系，但可以从概念和方法的横向转移中受益。关于父本影响的文献很大且各不相同。我们的研究有助于促进并行发展的知识领域之间的联系，但可以从概念和方法的横向转移中受益。