Urban environments pose different selective pressures than natural ones, leading to changes in animal behavior, physiology, and morphology. Understanding how animals respond to urbanization could inform the management of urban habitats. Non-avian reptiles have important roles in ecosystems worldwide, yet their responses to urbanization have not been as comprehensively studied as those of mammals and birds. However, unlike mammals and birds, most reptiles cannot easily move away from disturbances, making the selective pressure to adapt to urban environments especially strong. In recent years, there has been a surge in research on the responses of lizards to urbanization, yet no formal synthesis has determined what makes an urban lizard, in other words, which phenotypic traits are most likely to change with urbanization and in which direction? Here, we present a qualitative synthesis of the literature and a quantitative phylogenetic meta-analysis comparing phenotypic traits between urban and non-urban lizard populations. The most robust finding from our analysis is that urban lizards are larger than their non-urban counterparts. This result remained consistent between sexes and taxonomic groups. Hence, lizards that pass through the urban filter have access to better resources, more time for foraging, and/or there is selection on attaining a larger body size. Other results included an increase in the diameters of perches used and longer limb and digit lengths, although this may be a result of increased body size. Urban lizards were not bolder, more active or exploratory, and did not differ in immune responses than non-urban populations. Overall, studies are biased to a few geographic regions and taxa. More than 70% of all data came from three species of anoles in the family Dactyloidae, making it difficult to generalize patterns to other clades. Thus, more studies are needed across multiple taxa and habitats to produce meaningful predictions that could help inform conservation and management of urban ecological communities.

中文翻译：

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大城市生活：一项全球荟萃分析揭示了城市化对蜥蜴体型的积极影响

城市环境与自然环境产生不同的选择压力，导致动物行为、生理和形态发生变化。了解动物对城市化的反应可以为城市栖息地的管理提供信息。非鸟类爬行动物在全球生态系统中具有重要作用，但它们对城市化的反应还没有像哺乳动物和鸟类那样得到全面研究。然而，与哺乳动物和鸟类不同，大多数爬行动物无法轻易摆脱干扰，这使得适应城市环境的选择压力尤为强烈。近年来，关于蜥蜴对城市化反应的研究激增，但还没有正式的综合确定是什么造就了城市蜥蜴，换句话说，哪些表型特征最有可能随着城市化而改变，向哪个方向变化？这里，我们提出了文献的定性综合和定量系统发育荟萃分​​析，比较了城市和非城市蜥蜴种群的表型特征。我们分析中最有力的发现是城市蜥蜴比非城市蜥蜴大。这一结果在性别和分类群之间保持一致。因此，通过城市过滤器的蜥蜴可以获得更好的资源、更多的觅食时间和/或选择获得更大的体型。其他结果包括使用的栖木直径增加以及肢体和手指长度更长，尽管这可能是体型增加的结果。城市蜥蜴并不更大胆、更活跃或更具探索性，并且与非城市种群相比，它们的免疫反应也没有差异。全面的，研究偏向于少数地理区域和分类群。超过 70% 的所有数据来自 Dactyloidae 家族中的三种 anoles，因此很难将模式推广到其他进化枝。因此，需要对多个分类群和栖息地进行更多研究，以产生有意义的预测，从而有助于为城市生态群落的保护和管理提供信息。