Abstract World tuna catches reached 5.2 million metric tons in 2018, more than doubling since the early 1990s, primarily due to the introduction of Fish Aggregating Devices (FADs). The widespread use of drifting FADs has increased the economic efficiency of the fleet by making it easier to aggregate and locate tuna schools, but at a high ecological cost, including: significant catches of juvenile tunas; bycatch of endangered, threatened and protected species; and “ghost fishing,” marine pollution, and sensitive habitat destruction by abandoned FADs. Recent analysis indicates that most deployed FADs are eventually lost, stolen, beached, or abandoned, continuing their destructive impacts. This paper examines the legal regime, market forces, and other factors that frame FAD use. We demonstrate that, because deployed FADs are legally considered to be fishing, when they drift into closed areas or otherwise contravene national or international agreements or regulations, they are Illegal, Unreported, and/or Unregulated (IUU); vessels using such FADs are therefore IUU. We suggest that introducing a transparent FAD ownership tracking system and requiring FAD owners to mitigate their impacts could substantially improve the effectiveness of tuna Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (RFMOs) and redirect market incentives to properly support tuna management.

中文翻译：

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FAD 的 IUU 性质：对金枪鱼管理和市场的影响

摘要 2018 年世界金枪鱼捕捞量达到 520 万吨，自 1990 年代初以来翻了一番多，这主要是由于鱼类聚集装置 (FAD) 的引入。漂流 FAD 的广泛使用通过更容易聚集和定位金枪鱼群提高了船队的经济效率，但生态成本很高，包括：大量捕获幼鱼；濒危、受威胁和受保护物种的兼捕；和“幽灵捕鱼”、海洋污染以及废弃的 FAD 对敏感栖息地的破坏。最近的分析表明，大多数部署的 FAD 最终会丢失、被盗、搁浅或被遗弃，继续其破坏性影响。本文考察了构成 FAD 使用的法律制度、市场力量和其他因素。我们证明，因为部署的 FAD 在法律上被视为捕鱼，当它们飘入封闭区域或以其他方式违反国家或国际协议或法规时，它们是非法的、未报告的和/或不受管制的 (IUU)；因此，使用此类 FAD 的船只属于 IUU。我们建议引入透明的 FAD 所有权跟踪系统并要求 FAD 所有者减轻其影响可以大大提高金枪鱼区域渔业管理组织 (RFMO) 的有效性，并重新引导市场激励措施以适当支持金枪鱼管理。