Helminths remain one of the most prolific pathogens in the world. Following infection helminths interact with various epithelial cell surfaces, including skin, lung, and gut. Recent works have shown that epithelial cells produce a series of cytokines such as TSLP, IL-33, and IL-25 that lead to the induction of innate and acquired type 2 immune responses, which we named Type 2 epithelial cytokines. Although basophils and eosinophils are relatively rare granulocytes under normal conditions (0.5% and 5% in peripheral blood, respectively), both are found with increased frequency in type 2 immunity, including allergy and helminth infections. Recent reports showed that basophils and eosinophils not only express effector functions in type 2 immune reactions, but also manipulate the response toward helminths. Furthermore, basophils and eosinophils play non-redundant roles in distinct responses against various nematodes, providing the potential to intervene at different stages of nematode infection. These findings would be helpful to establish vaccination or therapeutic drugs against nematode infections.

蠕虫仍然是世界上最多产的病原体之一。感染后，蠕虫与各种上皮细胞表面相互作用，包括皮肤，肺和肠道。最近的研究表明，上皮细胞产生一系列细胞因子，例如TSLP，IL-33和IL-25，它们导致先天性和获得性2型免疫应答的诱导，我们将其称为2型上皮细胞因子。尽管嗜碱性粒细胞和嗜酸性粒细胞在正常情况下是相对稀少的粒细胞（分别在外周血中为0.5％和5％），但发现二者的2型免疫（包括变态反应和蠕虫感染）的频率都增加了。最近的报道表明，嗜碱性粒细胞和嗜酸性粒细胞不仅在2型免疫反应中表达效应子功能，而且还操纵着对蠕虫的反应。此外，嗜碱性粒细胞和嗜酸性粒细胞在针对各种线虫的不同反应中起着非冗余的作用，从而有可能在线虫感染的不同阶段进行干预。这些发现将有助于建立针对线虫感染的疫苗或治疗药物。