NO donors have found wide medical use long before the biorelevance of nitric oxide (NO) was unveiled. From glyceryl trinitrate, amyl nitrite and nitroprusside, to nitrosothiols, NONOates and more, a wide variety of chemicals have been employed as nitric oxide donors for treating pathological conditions and investigating the NO biology. Yet, the release kinetics of these classic NO donors are hard‐to‐define and hard‐to‐monitor in biological milieu. Novel NO donors with robustly defined NO release profiles are sought after. These endeavours have introduced a plethora of novel NO donors, including stimulus‐triggered NO donors, fluorophore‐labeled NO donors. The field also sees a recent addition, i. e. photo‐triggered and photo‐calibrated NO donors, whose NO release is photo‐controlled and further accompanied by a fluorescence turn‐on as a built‐in calibration mechanism of NO release. This review provides an overview of the NO biochemistry, as a roadmap for the chemistry of NO donors. The design rationale and the release mechanism of different classes of NO donors were discussed. Some interesting and notable applications were briefly discussed, e. g. super‐resolution localization microscopic imaging of cell structures, and photo‐acoustic probes for disease diagnosis. With joint‐force, these NO donors constitutes a group of indispensable molecular tools of chemical biology and medicine in real applications.

中文翻译：

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从自发到光触发和光校准的一氧化氮供体

在一氧化氮（NO）的生物相关性被揭示之前，没有任何捐赠者发现了广泛的医学用途。从三硝酸甘油酯，亚硝酸戊酯和硝普钠到亚硝基硫醇，NONOates等，各种各样的化学物质已被用作一氧化氮供体，用于治疗病理状况和研究NO生物学。然而，这些经典的NO供体在生物环境中的释放动力学很难定义和监测。寻求具有明确定义的NO释放特征的新型NO供体。这些努力引入了许多新颖的NO供体，包括刺激触发的NO供体，荧光团标记的NO供体。该字段还看到了最近添加的内容，即。e。光触发和光校准的NO供体，其NO释放是受光控制的，并进一步伴随有荧光灯开启，作为NO释放的内置校准机制。这篇综述提供了NO生物化学的概述，作为NO供体化学的路线图。讨论了不同类别的NO供体的设计原理和释放机理。简要讨论了一些有趣且值得注意的应用程序，例如。G。细胞结构的超高分辨率定位显微成像，以及用于疾病诊断的光声探针。在共同作用下，这些NO供体构成了实际应用中化学生物学和医学必不可少的分子工具。