Harvest can disrupt wildlife populations by removing adults with naturally high survival. This can reshape sociospatial structure, genetic composition, fitness, and potentially affect evolution. Genetic tools can detect changes in local, fine‐scale genetic structure (FGS) and assess the interplay between harvest‐caused social and FGS in populations. We used data on 1614 brown bears, Ursus arctos, genotyped with 16 microsatellites, to investigate whether harvest intensity (mean low: 0.13 from 1990 to 2005, mean high: 0.28 from 2006 to 2011) caused changes in FGS among matrilines (8 matrilines; 109 females ≥4 years of age), sex‐specific survival and putative dispersal distances, female spatial genetic autocorrelation, matriline persistence, and male mating patterns. Increased harvest decreased FGS of matrilines. Female dispersal distances decreased, and male reproductive success was redistributed more evenly. Adult males had lower survival during high harvest, suggesting that higher male turnover caused this redistribution and helped explain decreased structure among matrilines, despite shorter female dispersal distances. Adult female survival and survival probability of both mother and daughter were lower during high harvest, indicating that matriline persistence was also lower. Our findings indicate a crucial role of regulated harvest in shaping populations, decreasing differences among “groups,” even for solitary‐living species, and potentially altering the evolutionary trajectory of wild populations.

中文翻译：

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收获与孤立大型食肉动物母系间社会和精细遗传结构的破坏有关

收获可以通过驱除自然存活率很高的成虫来破坏野生动植物种群。这可以重塑社会空间结构，遗传组成，适应度，并可能影响进化。遗传工具可以检测局部的精细规模遗传结构（FGS）的变化，并评估人群中由收获引起的社会与FGS之间的相互作用。我们使用了1614只棕熊（Ursus arctos）的数据，用16个微卫星进行基因分型，以调查收获强度（1990年至2005年平均低：0.13，2006年至2011年平均高：0.28）是否引起母系（8个母系； 109名年龄≥4岁的雌性）之间的FGS变化，性别特定的生存率和假定的散布距离，雌性空间遗传自相关，母体持久性和雄性交配模式。收成增加使母系的FGS降低。女性的传播距离减少，男性的生殖成功更均匀地重新分配。成年雄性在高收成时的存活率较低，这表明尽管雌性分布距离较短，但雄性更新率较高导致了这种重新分布，并有助于解释母系间结构的减少。丰年期间成年女性的生存率和母女生存率均较低，表明母体的持久性也较低。我们的发现表明，调节收成在塑造种群，减少“群体”之间的差异，甚至是对于单生物种方面，以及潜在地改变野生种群的进化轨迹方面都具有至关重要的作用。