A tailored porous ceramic layer of TiO₂ was in-situ synthesized through Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation (PEO) process, using phosphate-based electrolyte at different applied voltages. The set-up was regulated to carry the process in low (430 V), medium (470 V), and high (510 V) voltages. The effects of applied voltage on the phase arrangement, microstructural, and morphological characteristics of the ceramic layer were then studied using X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The results showed that utilizing a relatively medium applied voltage of 470 V (ΔV of 130 V) can lead to a hierarchical TiO₂ layer, which not only includes a mixture of both anatase and rutile TiO₂ polymorphs but also presents a combined micro/nano-pores morphology. It was also found that while the lowest applied voltage leads to a relatively homogenous layer from morphological and roughness approaches, higher applied voltages may promote heterogeneities of the morphological characteristic. The formation mechanisms and morphological outcomes were finally discussed and graphically illustrated.

通过在不同施加电压下使用磷酸盐基电解质，通过等离子电解氧化（PEO）工艺原位合成了定制的TiO ₂多孔陶瓷层。调节设置以在低（430 V），中（470 V）和高（510 V）电压下进行该过程。然后使用X射线衍射，场发射扫描电子显微镜，能量色散X射线光谱和透射电子显微镜研究了施加电压对陶瓷层的相排列，微结构和形态特征的影响。结果表明，利用相对中等的470 V施加电压（ΔV为130 V）可以产生TiO _2分层层，该层不仅包含锐钛矿和金红石TiO ₂的混合物多晶型，但也呈现出组合的微/纳米孔形态。还发现尽管最低的施加电压通过形态学和粗糙度方法导致相对均匀的层，但是较高的施加电压可以促进形态特征的异质性。最后讨论了形成机理和形态学结果，并以图形方式进行了说明。