Abstract Abnormal behaviours are often used as a welfare indicator in zoo-housed great apes. While previous studies report on the occurrence of abnormal behaviours in zoo-housed chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), there is currently a lack of knowledge about such behaviours in the closely related bonobo (Pan paniscus). Here we report on the prevalence, diversity and frequency of abnormal behaviours, based on 1531 hours of observations in 51 adult bonobos, living in six zoos. We also investigate the potential influence of age, sex, rearing history and four previously established personality traits (Activity, Boldness, Openness and Sociability) on the diversity and frequency of abnormal behaviours. Our results document the presence of a total of 13 abnormal behaviours in the population, with the five most frequent ones being Coprophagy, Poke anus, Social hair pluck, Regurgitation and Head shake. We find that wild-born bonobos show a higher diversity of abnormal behaviours compared to mother-reared individuals, likely due to their abnormal early-life experiences. Mother-reared individuals and males show lower frequencies of Poke anus. The frequency of abnormal behaviours is also linked to personality. Bonobos scoring lower on Activity, associated with more self-scratching and lower activity, engage more in Coprophagy and Head shaking. More sociable individuals, on the other hand, had higher frequencies of Social hair pluck, which follows a previous finding that this behaviour is embedded in grooming. Finally, more sociable individuals also had lower frequencies of Coprophagy, an indicator that higher sociability might cause higher resilience to stressors. Our study provides a first overview of the abnormal behaviours in zoo-housed bonobos. We discuss that not all abnormal behaviours may be suitable indicators of poor welfare. These results form an important base in our understanding of the repertoire of abnormal behaviours in zoo-housed bonobos, which is a crucial step for optimising their welfare.

中文翻译：

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性别、饲养历史和性格对动物园倭黑猩猩（Pan paniscus）异常行为的影响

摘要 异常行为常被用作动物园饲养的类人猿的福利指标。虽然之前的研究报告了动物园饲养的黑猩猩（Pan troglodytes）发生异常行为，但目前对密切相关的倭黑猩猩（Pan paniscus）的此类行为缺乏了解。在这里，我们根据对生活在六个动物园的 51 只成年倭黑猩猩 1531 小时的观察结果，报告了异常行为的普遍性、多样性和频率。我们还调查了年龄、性别、抚养历史和四种先前确立的人格特征（活跃、大胆、开放和社交）对异常行为的多样性和频率的潜在影响。我们的结果记录了人群中总共存在 13 种异常行为，其中最常见的 5 种是食粪症、戳肛门、社交拔毛、反流和摇头。我们发现，与母亲饲养的个体相比，野生倭黑猩猩表现出更高的异常行为多样性，这可能是由于它们的早期生活经历异常所致。母亲饲养的个体和雄性表现出较低的 Poke 肛门频率。异常行为的频率也与性格有关。倭黑猩猩在活动上得分较低，与更多的自我抓挠和较低的活动相关，更多地从事食粪和摇头。另一方面，更善于交际的人有更高的社交拔毛频率，这是在之前的一项发现之后发现的，即这种行为嵌入在梳理中。最后，更善于交际的人也有更低的食粪频率，这表明更高的社交能力可能会导致更高的压力恢复能力。我们的研究首次概述了动物园倭黑猩猩的异常行为。我们讨论了并非所有异常行为都可能是福利不佳的合适指标。这些结果构成了我们理解动物园倭黑猩猩异常行为的重要基础，这是优化它们福利的关键一步。