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Rheometer enabled study of cartilage frequency-dependent properties
Scientific Reports ( IF 4.6 ) Pub Date : 2020-11-26 , DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77758-9
Stefano Perni , Polina Prokopovich

Despite the well-established dependence of cartilage mechanical properties on the frequency of the applied load, most research in the field is carried out in either load-free or constant load conditions because of the complexity of the equipment required for the determination of time-dependent properties. These simpler analyses provide a limited representation of cartilage properties thus greatly reducing the impact of the information gathered hindering the understanding of the mechanisms involved in this tissue replacement, development and pathology. More complex techniques could represent better investigative methods, but their uptake in cartilage research is limited by the highly specialised training required and cost of the equipment. There is, therefore, a clear need for alternative experimental approaches to cartilage testing to be deployed in research and clinical settings using more user-friendly and financial accessible devices. Frequency dependent material properties can be determined through rheometry that is an easy to use requiring a relatively inexpensive device; we present how a commercial rheometer can be adapted to determine the viscoelastic properties of articular cartilage. Frequency-sweep tests were run at various applied normal loads on immature, mature and trypsinased (as model of osteoarthritis) cartilage samples to determine the dynamic shear moduli (G*, G′ G″) of the tissues. Moduli increased with increasing frequency and applied load; mature cartilage had generally the highest moduli and GAG depleted samples the lowest. Hydraulic permeability (KH) was estimated from the rheological data and decreased with applied load; GAG depleted cartilage exhibited higher hydraulic permeability than either immature or mature tissues. The rheometer-based methodology developed was validated by the close comparison of the rheometer-obtained cartilage characteristics (G*, G′, G″, KH) with results obtained with more complex testing techniques available in literature. Rheometry is relatively simpler and does not require highly capital intensive machinery and staff training is more accessible; thus the use of a rheometer would represent a cost-effective approach for the determination of frequency-dependent properties of cartilage for more comprehensive and impactful results for both healthcare professional and R&D.



中文翻译:

流变仪研究软骨频率依赖性

尽管已经充分确定了软骨机械性能对所施加载荷的频率的依赖性,但是由于确定时间相关的装置所需的设备的复杂性,所以本领域的大多数研究都是在无载荷或恒定载荷条件下进行的。属性。这些较简单的分析只能提供有限的软骨特性表示,从而大大减少了所收集信息的影响,从而阻碍了对这种组织置换,发育和病理学涉及的机制的理解。更复杂的技术可以代表更好的研究方法,但由于需要高度专业的培训和设备成本,其在软骨研究中的应用受到限制。因此,有 显然需要使用更加人性化且经济实惠的设备将软骨试验的替代实验方法部署在研究和临床环境中。可以通过流变学确定频率相关的材料特性,该流变学易于使用,需要相对便宜的设备。我们介绍了如何使用商业流变仪来确定关节软骨的粘弹性。在未施加的,成熟的和经胰蛋白酶处理(作为骨关节炎的模型)的软骨样品上以各种不同的正常载荷进行扫频测试,以确定组织的动态剪切模量(G *,G'G”)。模量随频率和施加负载的增加而增加;成熟的软骨通常具有最高的模量,而GAG消耗的样品最低。水力渗透率(K 可以通过流变学来确定频率相关的材料特性,该流变学易于使用,需要相对便宜的设备。我们介绍了如何使用商业流变仪来确定关节软骨的粘弹性。在未施加的,成熟的和经胰蛋白酶处理(作为骨关节炎的模型)的软骨样品上以各种不同的正常载荷进行扫频测试,以确定组织的动态剪切模量(G *,G'G”)。模量随频率和施加负载的增加而增加;成熟的软骨通常具有最高的模量,而GAG消耗的样品最低。水力渗透率(K 可以通过流变学来确定频率相关的材料特性,该流变学易于使用,需要相对便宜的设备。我们介绍了如何使用商业流变仪来确定关节软骨的粘弹性。在未施加的,成熟的和经胰蛋白酶处理(作为骨关节炎的模型)的软骨样品上以各种不同的正常载荷进行扫频测试,以确定组织的动态剪切模量(G *,G'G”)。模量随频率和施加负载的增加而增加;成熟的软骨通常具有最高的模量,而GAG消耗的样品最低。水力渗透率(K 我们介绍了如何使用商业流变仪来确定关节软骨的粘弹性。在未施加的,成熟的和经胰蛋白酶处理(作为骨关节炎的模型)的软骨样品上以各种不同的正常载荷进行扫频测试,以确定组织的动态剪切模量(G *,G'G”)。模量随频率和施加负载的增加而增加;成熟的软骨通常具有最高的模量,而GAG消耗的样品最低。水力渗透率(K 我们介绍了如何使用商业流变仪来确定关节软骨的粘弹性。在未施加的,成熟的和经胰蛋白酶处理(作为骨关节炎的模型)的软骨样品上以各种不同的正常载荷进行扫频测试,以确定组织的动态剪切模量(G *,G'G”)。模量随频率和施加负载的增加而增加;成熟的软骨通常具有最高的模量,而GAG消耗的样品最低。水力渗透率(K 成熟的软骨通常具有最高的模量,而GAG消耗的样品最低。水力渗透率(K 成熟的软骨通常具有最高的模量,而GAG消耗的样品最低。水力渗透率(KH)由流变数据估算,并随着施加的载荷而降低;GAG耗竭的软骨比未成熟或成熟的组织具有更高的水力渗透性。通过将流变仪获得的软骨特性(G *,G',G'',K H)与通过文献中可获得的更复杂的测试技术获得的结果进行紧密比较,可以验证所开发的基于流变仪的方法。流变仪相对简单,不需要大量的资本密集型机器,并且员工培训更容易获得;因此,使用流变仪将是一种经济有效的方法,用于确定软骨的频率相关特性,从而为医疗保健专业人员和R&D带来更全面,更具影响力的结果。

更新日期:2020-11-27
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