Socio-economic development and new technological advancements have greatly increased the demand for metals, minerals and nutrients. Thus, substantial interest in developing technologies to recover these commodities from seawater, various brines and wastewater streams (industrial and domestic) has emerged. Less explored and innovative membrane processes including membrane crystallization (MCr), forward osmosis (FO) and membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI) are gaining interest in this regard. The current study provides a critical review of the current trends in applying MCr, FO and MCDI for recovery of metals, minerals and nutrients from various streams. The processes are compared in terms of types of fouling, energy consumption, overall composition of suitable feed solutions, feasible concentration ranges and potential to recover the targeted metal from a multi-component solution. The ultimate objective is to establish future research directions for further improvement of each process and to identify which of the processes is more suitable under a given scenario.

社会经济的发展和新技术的发展极大地增加了对金属，矿物质和养分的需求。因此，人们对开发从海水，各种盐水和废水流（工业和生活用水）中回收这些商品的技术产生了浓厚的兴趣。在这方面，包括膜结晶（MCr），正渗透（FO）和膜电容去离子（MCDI）在内的较少探索和创新的膜工艺正引起人们的兴趣。当前的研究对使用MCr，FO和MCDI从各种流中回收金属，矿物质和营养物的当前趋势进行了重要的回顾。根据结垢的类型，能耗，合适的进料溶液的整体组成，可行的浓度范围和从多组分溶液中回收目标金属的潜力。最终目的是为进一步改进每个过程建立未来的研究方向，并确定在给定场景下哪个过程更合适。