Abstract The constraints of conventional oils, stringent environmental regulations, and increasing demand for lighter distillates have shifted interest towards heavy crude oils, and atmospheric and vacuum residues upgrading. Therefore, refineries are looking for promising hydrogen addition-based technologies. Slurry phase hydrocracking is an emerging and capable technology for achieving a high conversion of heavy feedstocks and minimizing byproducts such as gas, coke, and fuel oil. Slurry phase hydrocracking is operated at high temperature (over 400 °C) and pressure (over 100 bar), the feedstock is premixed with the nanosized catalyst precursors. The premixed catalyst and feedstock are fed into the reactor and hydrogen is injected from the bottom. As catalyst premixing is an important step, it is crucial to identify an active and effective catalysts. The activity of slurry catalysts is generally influenced by active sites, dispersion, type of metal used, and their concentration. This review aims to summarize the potential for slurry phase hydrocracking to produce lighter fuels. It describes in detail the different types of slurry catalysts, such as homogeneous (water-soluble and oil-soluble dispersed catalysts) and heterogeneous (solid powder catalysts), and their performances in slurry phase hydrocracking of heavy oils and residues. This review presents the numerous disadvantages of the known technologies’s attributed to the low hydrotreating and hydrocracking conversions. Also, innovative research approaches including nanosized solid powder catalysts; the synergistic effect of surfactants, ultrasonication, and supercritical fluids in overcoming these challenges were critically reviewed. This review would promote future research on the slurry phase hydrocracking for lighter fuel production.

中文翻译：

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重油和渣油浆相加氢裂化生产轻质燃料：实验综述

摘要 传统石油的限制、严格的环境法规以及对轻质馏分油日益增长的需求已将兴趣转向重质原油以及常减压渣油升级。因此，炼油厂正在寻找有前景的加氢技术。淤浆相加氢裂化是一种新兴且强大的技术，可实现重质原料的高转化率并最大限度地减少气体、焦炭和燃料油等副产品。淤浆相加氢裂化在高温（超过 400 °C）和压力（超过 100 bar）下操作，原料与纳米催化剂前体预先混合。预先混合的催化剂和原料被送入反应器，氢气从底部注入。由于催化剂预混是一个重要的步骤，确定活性有效的催化剂至关重要。淤浆催化剂的活性通常受活性位点、分散、所用金属类型及其浓度的影响。本综述旨在总结浆相加氢裂化生产更轻燃料的潜力。详细介绍了均相（水溶性和油溶性分散催化剂）和非均相（固体粉末催化剂）等不同类型的淤浆催化剂及其在重油和渣油淤浆相加氢裂化中的性能。该综述提出了已知技术的许多缺点，这些缺点归因于加氢处理和加氢裂化转化率低。此外，包括纳米尺寸固体粉末催化剂在内的创新研究方法；表面活性剂、超声波处理的协同作用，并对克服这些挑战的超临界流体进行了严格审查。该综述将促进未来对用于轻质燃料生产的浆相加氢裂化的研究。