Abstract Our understanding of seasonal dynamics of fungal communities under different agricultural management practices remains limited. In this study, phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis and Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing targeting fungal ITS1 region were combined to assess the responses of soil fungal communities to different tillage practices and cropping systems during the crop growing season. Bulk soils were collected from two long-term tillage practices (conventional tillage, CT and no-tillage, NT) under two cropping systems (maize (Zea mays L.)-soybean (Glycine max Merr.) rotation and continuous maize) in April, June and August of 2015 at 0–5 cm and 5–15 cm depths. Our results clearly highlighted the importance of cropping system and tillage for soil fungi; seasonal effect, by contrast, was weaker. The fungal PLFA content, used as an indicator of fungal biomass, appeared higher under continuous maize system than maize-soybean rotation system at depths of 0–5 cm and 5–15 cm, and higher in NT than CT at 0–5 cm depth, irrespective of sampling time. DNA-based sequencing results showed that soil fungal diversity (i.e. Shannon) and evenness (i.e. Pielou) indices were higher under rotation cropping system than continuous maize system at both soil depths. Soil fungal richness (i.e. Chao1) index was higher in NT than in CT at 0–5 cm depth. None of these three α diversity indices were significantly affected by sampling time. Cropping system and tillage played the most important roles in shaping soil fungal community at both soil depths. At 0–5 cm depth, there was an obvious consistent trend of enrichment from Ascomycota in maize-soybean rotation system to Basidiomycota in continuous maize system over the growing season. At 5–15 cm depth, there was an obvious consistent trend of enrichment from Tausonia and Chaetomidium in CT to Leptodontidium, Ceratobasidium in NT over the crop growing season. Notably NT favored symbiotrophs throughout the growing season, irrespective of cropping system and soil depth.

中文翻译：

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长期田间试验中耕作制度、耕作和季节对土壤真菌群落形成的影响

摘要 我们对不同农业管理实践下真菌群落季节性动态的了解仍然有限。在这项研究中，磷脂脂肪酸 (PLFA) 分析和针对真菌 ITS1 区域的 Illumina MiSeq 高通量测序相结合，以评估土壤真菌群落在作物生长季节对不同耕作方式和种植系统的反应。4 月份，在两种种植系统（玉米 (Zea mays L.)-大豆 (Glycine max Merr.) 轮作和连续玉米）下的两种长期耕作方式（常规耕作，CT 和免耕，NT）收集了大量土壤，2015 年 6 月和 8 月，深度为 0-5 厘米和 5-15 厘米。我们的结果清楚地强调了耕作制度和耕作对土壤真菌的重要性；相比之下，季节性影响较弱。真菌PLFA含量，用作真菌生物量的指标，在​​ 0-5 厘米和 5-15 厘米的深度，在连续玉米系统下比玉米 - 大豆轮作系统出现更高，在 NT 中比在 0-5 厘米深度的 CT 更高，与采样时间无关. 基于DNA的测序结果表明，在两个土壤深度，轮作系统下土壤真菌多样性（即香农）和均匀度（即Pielou）指数均高于连续玉米系统。在 0-5 厘米深度，NT 的土壤真菌丰富度（即 Chao1）指数高于 CT。这三个 α 多样性指数均不受采样时间的显着影响。耕作制度和耕作在两个土壤深度塑造土壤真菌群落方面发挥了最重要的作用。在 0-5 厘米深度处，从玉米-大豆轮作系统中的子囊菌到连续玉米系统中的担子菌，在整个生长季中均存在明显的富集趋势。在5-15 cm深度，在作物生长季节，从CT的Tausonia和Chaetomidium到NT的Leptodontidium、Ceratobasidium的富集趋势明显一致。值得注意的是，无论种植系统和土壤深度如何，NT 在整个生长季节都偏爱共生菌。