Peptides are versatile biopolymers composed of 2–100 amino acid residues that present a wide range of biological functions and constitute potential therapies for numerous diseases, partly due to their ability to penetrate cell membranes. However, their mechanisms of action have not been fully elucidated due to the lack of appropriate tools. Existing light-emitting probes are limited by their cytotoxicity and large size, which can alter peptide structure and function. Here, we describe the available fluorescent, bioluminescent, and chemiluminescent probes for labeling peptides, with a focus on minimalistic options.

中文翻译：

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用于标记肽的发光探针

肽是由 2-100 个氨基酸残基组成的多功能生物聚合物，具有广泛的生物学功能，可作为多种疾病的潜在疗法，部分原因在于它们能够穿透细胞膜。然而，由于缺乏合适的工具，它们的作用机制尚未完全阐明。现有的发光探针受到细胞毒性和大尺寸的限制，这会改变肽的结构和功能。在这里，我们描述了用于标记肽的可用荧光、生物发光和化学发光探针，重点是简约的选择。