Purpose

In urban areas, humans shape the surface, (re-)deposit natural or technogenic material, and thus become the dominant soil formation factor. The 2015 edition of the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB) describes anthropogenic urban soils as Anthrosols or Technosols, but the methodological approaches and classification criteria of national soil classification systems are rather inconsistent. Stringent criteria for describing and mapping anthropogenic soils in urban areas and their application are still lacking, although more than half (53%) of the urban soils in Berlin are built-up by or contain anthropogenic material.

Materials and methods

On behalf of the Berlin Senate Department for the Environment, Transport and Climate Protection and in close cooperation with the German Working Group for Urban Soils, a comprehensive guideline for soil description in the Berlin metropolitan area (BMA), with special regard to anthropogenic/technogenic parent material and anthropogenic soils, has been developed. Our approach includes all previous standard works for soil description and mapping and is based on studies that have been conducted in the BMA over the last five decades. Special emphasis was placed on the integration of our manual into the classification system of the German soil mapping guideline (KA5).

Results and discussion

The extension of existing data fields (e.g., the further subdivision of land use types) as well as the creation of new data fields (e.g., pH value) adapted to the requirements of urban soil mapping has been carried out. Additional technogenic materials that occur in urban environments have been added to the list of anthropogenic parent materials. Furthermore, we designed appendices that clearly characterize typical soil profiles of the BMA and depict technogenic materials, their physical and chemical characteristics, as well as their origin and distribution. Our approach will set new benchmarks for soil description and mapping in urban environments, which will improve the quality of urban soil research in the BMA. It is expected that our approach will provide baselines for urban soil mapping in other metropolitan areas.

Conclusions

Our guideline is a comprehensive manual for the description of urban soils within a national soil classification system. This mapping guideline will be the future standard work for soil surveys and soil mapping in the federal state of Berlin. Currently, representatives from federal and state authorities are reviewing our guideline, with a view to potentially integrating key components into the classification system of the forthcoming 6th edition of the German soil mapping guideline (KA6).

中文翻译：

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柏林都市区土壤描述指南：在德国土壤分类系统中对城市环境中的人为和天然土壤进行调查和制图的扩展

目的

在城市地区，人类会塑造表面，（重新）沉积天然或技术材料，因此成为主要的土壤形成因素。2015年版的《世界土壤资源参考基准》（WRB）将人为城市土壤描述为人为溶胶或技术溶胶，但国家土壤分类系统的方法论方法和分类标准相当不一致。尽管柏林超过一半（53％）的城市土壤是由人为物质构成或含有人为物质，但仍然缺乏用于描述和绘制城市地区人为土壤的严格标准及其应用。

材料和方法

代表柏林参议院环境，运输和气候保护部，并与德国城市土壤工作组密切合作，制定了柏林大都市区（BMA）土壤描述的全面指南，特别关注了人为/技术已开发出母本和人为土壤。我们的方法包括过去所有用于土壤描述和制图的标准工作，并且基于BMA在过去五十年中进行的研究。特别强调了将我们的手册整合到德国土壤测绘指南（KA5）的分类系统中。

结果和讨论

已经进行了现有数据字段的扩展（例如，土地用途类型的进一步细分），以及适应城市土壤测绘要求的新数据字段（例如，pH值）的创建。在城市环境中出现的其他技术材料已添加到人为母材料列表中。此外，我们设计了附录，这些附录清楚地描述了BMA的典型土壤剖面，并描述了技术材料，其物理和化学特性以及其来源和分布。我们的方法将为城市环境中的土壤描述和制图树立新的基准，这将提高BMA中城市土壤研究的质量。预期我们的方法将为其他大都市地区的城市土壤测绘提供基准。

结论

我们的指南是一本全面的手册，用于描述国家土壤分类系统中的城市土壤。该制图指南将成为柏林联邦州土壤调查和土壤制图的未来标准工作。目前，联邦和州政府的代表正在审查我们的指南，以期将关键组成部分潜在地整合到即将发布的第六版德国土壤制图指南（KA6）的分类系统中。