Skeletal disorders are among the leading debilitating factors affecting millions of people worldwide. The use of stem cells for tissue repair has raised many promises in various medical fields, including skeletal disorders. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent stromal cells with mesodermal and neural crest origin. These cells are one of the most attractive candidates in regenerative medicine, and their use could be helpful in repairing and regeneration of skeletal disorders through several mechanisms including homing, angiogenesis, differentiation, and response to inflammatory condition. The most widely studied sources of MSCs are bone marrow (BM), adipose tissue, muscle, umbilical cord (UC), umbilical cord blood (UCB), placenta (PL), Wharton’s jelly (WJ), and amniotic fluid. These cells are capable of differentiating into osteoblasts, chondrocytes, adipocytes, and myocytes in vitro. MSCs obtained from various sources have diverse capabilities of secreting many different cytokines, growth factors, and chemokines. It is believed that the salutary effects of MSCs from different sources are not alike in terms of repairing or reformation of injured skeletal tissues. Accordingly, differential identification of MSCs’ secretome enables us to make optimal choices in skeletal disorders considering various sources. This review discusses and compares the therapeutic abilities of MSCs from different sources for bone and cartilage diseases.

中文翻译：

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间充质干细胞：骨骼和软骨缺陷的惊人疗法

骨骼疾病是影响全球数百万人的主要衰弱因素之一。干细胞用于组织修复的用途已在包括骨骼疾病在内的各种医学领域中提出了许多希望。间充质干细胞（MSC）是具有中胚层和神经c起源的多能基质细胞。这些细胞是再生医学中最有吸引力的候选细胞之一，它们的使用可能通过多种机制（包括归巢，血管生成，分化和对炎症状况的反应）有助于骨骼疾病的修复和再生。研究最广泛的MSCs来源是骨髓（BM），脂肪组织，肌肉，脐带（UC），脐带血（UCB），胎盘（PL），沃顿氏胶（WJ）和羊水。这些细胞能够分化为成骨细胞，体外的软骨细胞，脂肪细胞和肌细胞。从各种来源获得的MSC具有分泌多种不同细胞因子，生长因子和趋化因子的多种能力。据信，在修复或重建受伤的骨骼组织方面，来自不同来源的MSC的有益作用并不相同。因此，MSCs分泌组的差异鉴定使我们能够在考虑各种来源的情况下对骨骼疾病做出最佳选择。这篇综述讨论并比较了不同来源的MSC对骨骼和软骨疾病的治疗能力。据信，在修复或重建受伤的骨骼组织方面，来自不同来源的MSC的有益作用并不相同。因此，MSCs分泌组的差异鉴定使我们能够在考虑各种来源的情况下对骨骼疾病做出最佳选择。这篇综述讨论并比较了不同来源的MSC对骨骼和软骨疾病的治疗能力。据信，在修复或重建受伤的骨骼组织方面，来自不同来源的MSC的有益作用并不相同。因此，MSCs分泌组的差异鉴定使我们能够在考虑各种来源的情况下对骨骼疾病做出最佳选择。这篇综述讨论并比较了不同来源的MSC对骨骼和软骨疾病的治疗能力。