Vehicular cloud computing (VCC) is an improvement from conventional cloud computing to new revolutionized computing services including intelligent transportation, autonomous driving and vehicle control, Internet browsing, online documentation, and infotainment. It enables vehicles to autonomously share heterogeneous computational resources while solving unanticipated critical problems dynamically. However, in a world of black hats, technology often has a dark side as well. Therefore, the VCC is limited by considerable security and privacy challenges. The special characteristics of VCC, including the multitenancy nature of clouds, intermittent wireless communications, high mobility of vehicles, and rapid resource elasticity with decentralized operations, have promoted security solutions used in vehicular ad hoc networks and conventional cloud computing to be revised. This paper first presents a state-of-the-art study of VCC that focuses on VCC architecture, its features analysis, and extensive VCC applications. Second, the proposed threats identification taxonomy and an exhaustive survey on security and privacy issues in VCC are presented under a layered approach: physical resource layer, vehicle-to-anything (V2X) network layer, and vehicular cloud layer, as well as at a complete system level. Finally, we highlight and discuss challenges and open research issues that can be considered as future research directions.

中文翻译：

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车联网云计算中的安全和隐私挑战

车载云计算（VCC）是从传统的云计算到新的革命性计算服务的改进，包括智能交通、自动驾驶和车辆控制、互联网浏览、在线文档和信息娱乐。它使车辆能够自主共享异构计算资源，同时动态解决意外的关键问题。然而，在一个充满黑帽子的世界中，技术通常也有阴暗面。因此，VCC 受到相当大的安全和隐私挑战的限制。VCC 的特性，包括云的多租户特性、间歇性无线通信、车辆的高移动性以及分散操作的快速资源弹性，推动了用于车载自组织网络和传统云计算的安全解决方案的修订。本文首先介绍了 VCC 的最新研究，重点是 VCC 架构、其特性分析和广泛的 VCC 应用。其次，提出的威胁识别分类法和对 VCC 中安全和隐私问题的详尽调查以分层方法呈现：物理资源层、车辆到任何事物 (V2X) 网络层和车辆云层，以及在完整的系统级。最后，我们强调并讨论了可以被视为未来研究方向的挑战和开放研究问题。提出的威胁识别分类法和对 VCC 中安全和隐私问题的详尽调查以分层方法呈现：物理资源层、车辆到任何事物 (V2X) 网络层和车辆云层，以及完整的系统等级。最后，我们强调并讨论了可以被视为未来研究方向的挑战和开放研究问题。提出的威胁识别分类法和对 VCC 中安全和隐私问题的详尽调查是在分层方法下呈现的：物理资源层、车辆到任何事物 (V2X) 网络层和车辆云层，以及一个完整的系统等级。最后，我们强调并讨论了可以被视为未来研究方向的挑战和开放研究问题。