Comparative studies of invasive, noninvasive alien, and native congenic plant species can identify plant traits that drive invasiveness. In particular, functional traits associated with rapid growth rate and high fecundity likely facilitate invasive success. As such traits often exhibit high phenotypic plasticity, characterizing plastic responses to anthropogenic environmental changes such as eutrophication and disturbance is important for predicting the invasive success of alien plant species in the future. Here, we compared trait expression and phenotypic plasticity at the species level among invasive, noninvasive alien, and native Bidens species. Plants were grown under nutrient addition and competition treatments, and their functional, morphological, and seed traits were examined. Invasive B. frondosa exhibited higher phenotypic plasticity in most measured traits than did the alien noninvasive B. pilosa or native B. bipinnata. However, differential plastic responses to environmental treatments rarely altered the rank of trait values among the three Bidens species, except for the number of inflorescences. The achene size of B. frondosa was larger, but its pappus length was shorter than that of B. pilosa. Two species demonstrated opposite plastic responses of pappus length to fertilization. These results suggest that the plasticity of functional traits does not significantly contribute to the invasive success of B. frondosa. The dispersal efficiency of B. frondosa is expected to be lower than that of B. pilosa, suggesting that long‐distance dispersal is likely not a critical factor in determining invasive success.

中文翻译：

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入侵，非入侵外来物种和本地Bidens物种对受精和竞争的差异反应

对侵入性，非侵入性外来和天然同基因植物物种的比较研究可以确定驱动侵入性的植物性状。特别是，与快速生长和高繁殖力相关的功能性状可能会促进侵入性成功。由于这些性状通常表现出高表型可塑性，因此表征对人为环境变化（例如富营养化和干扰）的塑性响应对于预测未来外来植物物种的入侵成功至关重要。在这里，我们比较了入侵，非入侵外来物种和本地Bidens物种在物种水平上的性状表达和表型可塑性。在营养添加和竞争处理下生长植物，并检查其功能，形态和种子性状。有创与大多数外来无侵害的B. pilosa或本地的B. bipinnata相比，B. frondosa在大多数测量的性状上表现出更高的表型可塑性。但是，除了花序的数量外，对环境处理的不同塑性响应很少改变三个Bidens物种之间的性状值等级。B. frondosa的瘦果尺寸较大，但其巴掌长度比B. pilosa短。两种物种显示出巴布斯长度对受精的相反塑性响应。这些结果表明，功能性状的可塑性并没有显着促进弗氏梭菌的侵袭成功。的分散效率弗雷蒙德酵母（B. frondosa）预计将低于pilosa（B. pilosa），这表明长距离散布可能不是决定浸润成功与否的关键因素。