This review describes the gold-catalyzed reactions of specially activated alkynes, allenes, and alkenes. Such species are characterized by the presence of either electron-donating or electron-withdrawing groups as substituents of the carbon π-system. They are intrinsically polarized, and when compared to their nonspecially activated counterparts can therefore be involved in gold-catalyzed transformations featuring increased regio-, stereo-, and chemoselectivities. The chemistry of specially activated carbon π-systems under homogeneous gold catalysis is extremely rich and varied. The reactivity observed with nonspecially activated unsaturated systems can often be transposed to specially activated ones without loss of efficiency. However, specially activated carbon π-systems also exhibit specific reactivities that cannot be attained with regular substrates. In this family of carbon π-systems, ynamides and their analogs, along with alkynyl carbonyl derivatives, are the classes of substrates that have retained the most attention. This review provides an overview of the chemistry developed with all classes of specially activated carbon π-systems by discussing their general and specific reactivities, presenting and commenting on their gold-catalyzed transformations as well as their applications.

中文翻译：

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特殊活化的炔烃、艾伦烯烃和烯烃的金催化反应

这篇综述描述了特殊活化的炔烃、丙二烯和烯烃的金催化反应。此类物质的特征在于存在供电子或吸电子基团作为碳π-系统的取代基。它们本质上是极化的，因此与非特殊活化的对应物相比，它们可以参与金催化的转化，其具有增加的区域选择性、立体选择性和化学选择性。在均相金催化下，特殊活性炭 π 系统的化学性质极其丰富多样。在非特殊活化的不饱和系统中观察到的反应性通常可以转换为特殊活化的系统而不会损失效率。然而，特殊活性炭 π 系统还表现出特定的反应性，这是常规底物无法达到的。在这个碳 π 系统家族中，ynamides 及其类似物以及炔基羰基衍生物是最受关注的底物类别。本综述通过讨论它们的一般和特定反应性，介绍和评论它们的金催化转化及其应用，概述了用所有类别的特殊活性炭 π 系统开发的化学。