1. Species that persist in small populations isolated by habitat destruction may experience reproductive failure. Self‐incompatible plants face dual threats of mate‐limitation and competition with co‐flowering plants for pollination services. Such competition may lower pollinator visitation, increase heterospecific pollen transfer and reduce the likelihood that a visit results in successful pollination.
2. To understand how isolation from mates and competition with co‐flowering species contribute to reproductive failure in fragmented habitat, we conducted an observational study of a tallgrass prairie perennial Echinacea angustifolia. We quantified the isolation of focal individuals from mates, characterized species richness and counted inflorescences within 1 m radius, observed pollinator visitation, collected pollinators, quantified pollen loads on pollinators and on Echinacea stigmas, and measured pollination success. Throughout the season, we sampled 223 focal plants across 10 remnant prairie sites.
3. We present evidence that both co‐flowering species and isolation from mates substantially limit reproduction in Echinacea. As the flowering season progressed, the probability of pollinator visitation to focal plants decreased and evidence for pollen‐limited reproduction increased. Pollinators were most likely to visit Echinacea plants from low‐richness floral neighbourhoods with close potential mates, or plants from high‐richness neighbourhoods with distant potential mates. Frequent visitation only increased pollination success in the former case, likely because Echinacea in high‐richness floral neighbourhoods received low‐quality visits.
4. Synthesis. In Echinacea, reproduction was limited by isolation from potential mates and the richness of co‐flowering species. These aspects of the floral neighbourhood influenced pollinator visitation and pollination success, although conditions that predicted high visitation did not always lead to high pollination success. These results reveal how habitat modification and destruction, which influence floral neighbourhood and isolation from conspecific mates, can differentially affect various stages of reproductive biology in self‐incompatible plants. Our results suggest that prairie conservation and restoration efforts that promote patches of greater floral diversity may improve reproductive outcomes in fragmented habitats.

中文翻译：

---

授粉和与配偶隔离的竞争对多年生典型草地的授粉的四个阶段产生不同的影响

1. 在因栖息地破坏而孤立的小种群中持续存在的物种可能会经历繁殖失败。自交不亲和的植物面临配种限制和与同花植物竞争授粉服务的双重威胁。此类竞争可能会降低传粉媒介的探访次数，增加异种花粉的转移并降低探访成功授粉的可能性。
2. 为了了解与伴侣的隔离以及与同花物种的竞争如何导致支离破碎的栖息地的繁殖失败，我们对高草草原多年生紫锥菊进行了一项观察性研究。我们量化了从配偶中分离出的焦点个体，特征化的物种丰富度和1m半径内的花序计数，观察到的传粉者探访，收集的传粉者，量化了传粉者和紫锥花柱头上的花粉负荷，并测量了传粉成功率。在整个季节中，我们在10个残留的草原地点采样了223种重点植物。
3. 我们提供的证据表明，共同开花的物种和与伴侣的隔离都极大地限制了紫锥菊的繁殖。随着开花季节的发展，传粉者访问焦点植物的可能性降低，花粉有限繁殖的证据增加。授粉者最有可能访问具有潜在潜在伴侣的低密度花卉社区的紫锥菊植物，或具有潜在潜在伴侣的高密度花卉社区的紫锥菊植物。在前一种情况下，频繁的访视只会增加授粉成功，这可能是因为在高致富花卉区的紫锥花受到了低质量的访视。
4. 综合。在紫锥菊中，繁殖受到与潜在配偶的隔离和共同开花物种的丰富性的限制。尽管预测高访问量的条件并不总是会导致高授粉成功，但花卉邻里的这些方面影响了授粉者的访问和授粉成功。这些结果表明，栖息地的改变和破坏如何影响花的邻里和与同种同伴的隔离，可以差异地影响自我不相容植物中生殖生物学的各个阶段。我们的结果表明，草原保护和恢复工作可以促进更大的花卉多样性，从而可以改善零散生境中的繁殖成果。