In recent decades, a number of novel non-visual opsin photopigments belonging to the family of G protein- coupled receptors, likely involved in a number of non-image-forming processes, have been identified and characterized in cells of the inner retina of vertebrates. It is now known that the vertebrate retina is composed of visual photoreceptor cones and rods responsible for diurnal/color and nocturnal/black and white vision, and cells like the intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) and photosensitive horizontal cells in the inner retina, both detecting blue light and expressing the photopigment melanopsin (Opn4). Remarkably, these non-visual photopigments can continue to operate even in the absence of vision under retinal degeneration. Moreover, inner retinal neurons and Müller glial cells have been shown to express other photopigments such as the photoisomerase retinal G protein-coupled receptor (RGR), encephalopsin (Opn3), and neuropsin (Opn5), all able to detect blue/violet light and implicated in chromophore recycling, retinal clock synchronization, neuron-to-glia communication, and other activities. The discovery of these new photopigments in the inner retina of vertebrates is strong evidence of novel light-regulated activities. This review focuses on the features, localization, photocascade, and putative functions of these novel non-visual opsins in an attempt to shed light on their role in the inner retina of vertebrates and in the physiology of the whole organism.

近几十年来，一些属于 G 蛋白偶联受体家族的新型非视觉视蛋白感光色素，可能参与许多非成像过程，已在脊椎动物视网膜内层细胞中得到鉴定和表征。 . 现在已知脊椎动物的视网膜由负责昼夜/彩色和夜间/黑白视觉的视觉感光视锥和视杆组成，以及像内在感光视网膜神经节细胞（ipRGCs）和内部视网膜中的感光水平细胞等细胞，检测蓝光和表达光色素黑视蛋白 (Opn4)。值得注意的是，即使在视网膜变性下没有视力的情况下，这些非视觉色素也可以继续发挥作用。而且，视网膜内神经元和 Müller 胶质细胞已被证明可以表达其他光色素，例如光异构酶视网膜 G 蛋白偶联受体 (RGR)、脑视蛋白 (Opn3) 和神经视蛋白 (Opn5)，它们都能够检测蓝光/紫光并参与生色团回收、视网膜时钟同步、神经元到神经胶质细胞的通信和其他活动。在脊椎动物的内部视网膜中发现这些新的光色素是新的光调节活动的有力证据。这篇综述着重于这些新型非视觉视蛋白的特征、定位、光级联和假定的功能，试图阐明它们在脊椎动物内部视网膜和整个生物体生理学中的作用。和神经视蛋白 (Opn5)，它们都能够检测蓝光/紫光，并与发色团循环、视网膜时钟同步、神经元与神经胶质细胞之间的交流和其他活动有关。在脊椎动物的内部视网膜中发现这些新的光色素是新的光调节活动的有力证据。这篇综述着重于这些新型非视觉视蛋白的特征、定位、光级联和假定的功能，试图阐明它们在脊椎动物内部视网膜和整个生物体生理学中的作用。和神经视蛋白 (Opn5)，它们都能够检测蓝光/紫光，并与发色团循环、视网膜时钟同步、神经元与神经胶质细胞之间的交流和其他活动有关。在脊椎动物的内部视网膜中发现这些新的光色素是新的光调节活动的有力证据。这篇综述着重于这些新型非视觉视蛋白的特征、定位、光级联和假定的功能，试图阐明它们在脊椎动物内部视网膜和整个生物体生理学中的作用。