The combined effects on pig behavior of maternal immune challenge during gestation followed by a second immune challenge later in life have not been studied. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection during gestation can elicit maternal immune activation (MIA) yet the interactions with the offspring response to a second immune challenge after birth remains unexplored. Knowledge on the response to viral challenges in rodents has been gained through the use of the viral mimetic polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (Poly(I:C)), yet the effects of this immune stimulant on pig behavior have not been assessed. This study advances the understanding of the combined effect of MIA and a second immune challenge later in life on female and male pig behavior. Three complementary experiments enabled the development of an effective Poly(I:C) challenge in pigs, and testing the interaction between PRRSV-elicited MIA, Poly(I:C) challenge at 60 days of age, and sex on behaviors. Individual-level observations on sickness, locomotor, and social behaviors were measured 1–3 h after Poly(I:C) challenge. Vomiting, panting, lethargy, walking, laying, playing, and touching behaviors were analyzed using generalized linear mixed effect models. Results indicated that a Poly(I:C) dose of 1 mg/kg within 1 h after injection increased the incidence of laying and sickness behavior. The Poly(I:C) challenge decreased the incidence of locomotor behaviors and activity levels. Pigs exposed to MIA had lower rates of social behaviors such as playing. The combined effect of PRRSV-elicited MIA and Poly(I:C) immune challenge further sensitized the pigs to behavior disruption across sexes including changes in sternal and lateral laying, walking, lethargy, and touching incidence. Notably, the effects of Poly(I:C) immune challenge alone on behaviors tended to be more extreme in males, whereas the effects of Poly(I:C) following MIA tended to be more extreme in females. Our findings demonstrate that MIA and Poly(I:C) affected behaviors, and the viral mimetic effects shortly after injection can offer insights into the prolonged effect of postnatal viral infections on feeding, social interactions and health status. Management practices that reduce the likelihood of gestational diseases and accommodate for behavioral disruptions in the offspring can minimize the impact of MIA.

还没有研究过妊娠期母体免疫激发后再进行第二次免疫激发对猪行为的综合影响。妊娠期间的猪生殖和呼吸综合症病毒（PRRSV）感染可引起母体免疫激活（MIA），但与出生后第二代免疫挑战的后代反应之间的相互作用尚待探索。通过使用病毒模拟的聚肌苷酸-聚胞苷酸（Poly（I：C）），已获得了对啮齿动物对病毒攻击的反应的知识，但尚未评估这种免疫刺激剂对猪行为的影响。这项研究提高了对MIA和生命后期第二次免疫挑战对雌性和雄性猪行为的综合影响的理解。三个互补实验使有效的Poly（I：C）挑战猪，并测试PRRSV引发的MIA，60天龄的Poly（I：C）挑战与性行为之间的相互作用。在Poly（I：C）攻击后1至3小时内，对疾病，运动​​能力和社交行为进行了个人观察。使用广义线性混合效应模型分析了呕吐，气喘，嗜睡，行走，躺卧，玩耍和触摸行为。结果表明，注射后1 h内1 mg / kg的Poly（I：C）剂量会增加产蛋和疾病行为的发生率。Poly（I：C）挑战降低了运动行为和活动水平的发生率。接触MIA的猪的社交行为（如玩耍）发生率较低。PRRSV引发的MIA和Poly（I：C）免疫激发进一步使猪对跨性别的行为破坏敏感，包括胸骨和侧卧，行走，嗜睡和触碰发生率的变化。值得注意的是，仅Poly（I：C）免疫激发对行为的影响在男性中趋于极端，而MIA后Poly（I：C）在女性中的影响趋于更极端。我们的发现表明，MIA和Poly（I：C）会影响行为，并且注射后不久的病毒模拟效应可提供有关出生后病毒感染对喂养，社交互动和健康状况的长期影响的见解。减少妊娠疾病的可能性并适应后代行为中断的管理实践可以最大程度地减少MIA的影响。单独的Poly（I：C）免疫激发对行为的影响在男性中趋于更为极端，而MIA后的Poly（I：C）对女性的行为趋于更为极端。我们的发现表明，MIA和Poly（I：C）会影响行为，并且注射后不久的病毒模拟效应可提供有关出生后病毒感染对喂养，社交互动和健康状况的长期影响的见解。减少妊娠疾病的可能性并适应后代行为中断的管理实践可以最大程度地减少MIA的影响。单独的Poly（I：C）免疫激发对行为的影响在男性中趋于更为极端，而MIA后的Poly（I：C）对女性的行为趋于更为极端。我们的发现表明，MIA和Poly（I：C）会影响行为，并且注射后不久的病毒模拟效应可提供有关出生后病毒感染对喂养，社交互动和健康状况的长期影响的见解。减少妊娠疾病的可能性并适应后代行为中断的管理实践可以最大程度地减少MIA的影响。注射后不久的病毒模拟作用可以提供洞察力，以了解产后病毒感染对喂养，社交互动和健康状况的长期影响。减少妊娠疾病的可能性并适应后代行为中断的管理实践可以最大程度地减少MIA的影响。注射后不久的病毒模拟效应可提供有关出生后病毒感染对喂养，社交互动和健康状况的长期影响的见解。减少妊娠疾病的可能性并适应后代行为中断的管理实践可以最大程度地减少MIA的影响。